Chemistry - Unit 3

electron

the negative subatomic particle in the electron cloud of an atom

electromagnetic radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

frequency

The number of waves that pass a given point in a certain time

emission spectrum

The spectrum of light released from excited atoms of an element

heisenburg uncertainty principle

It is impossible to determine the position and velocity of an electron or other particle simultaneously

valence electrons

Electrons in the outermost energy level of the electron cloud

octet rule

The tendency of atoms to prefer to have 8 valence electrons

ions

Atoms or molecules that have a charge due to having lost or gained electrons

lewis structure

A convenient and simple way to represent an element and its valence electrons

quantum theory

A mathematical description for the wave properties of electrons and other tiny particles

orbital

A 3D region around the nucleus that shows were an electron probably is

wavelength

A unit of distance for measuring waves

electron configuration

The most stable arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron cloud

periodic trends

Specific patterns in the periodic table that make it possible to make predictions about an element’s properties

coulumb’s law

As the atomic number increases, the nuclear attraction for electrons increases, thus pulling the electrons in more tightly to the nucleus

atomic radius

One-half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms bonded together

reactivity

A measure of how readily an atom will react

electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a bond to attract electrons

ionization energy

The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an element

oxidation numbers

The charge of an ion to gain stability in the valence elctrons

particle nature of electron

negative subatomic particle

what do electrons behave like?

waves

electrons have have different amounts of energy and different frequencies

true

relationship between electrons, energy, and electromagnetic radiation

Electrons can absorb and release energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation

Wavelength and frequency have an _____ relationship

inverse

The speed of light is _____

constant

What makes an atom stable?

if it already has a full outer energy level of valence electrons (8 e-)

What elements are already stable?

noble gasses

Cation

atoms that lose e- in order to become stable

• results in a positive charge

• metals

Anions

atoms that gain e- in order to become stable

• result in a negative charge

• nonmetals

quantum mechanical model

• shows the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom

• shows the 3D nature of the electron cloud

• accurately depicts the nature of electrons being in constant motion

connection between coulumb’s law and periodic trends

how tightly the electrons are being held to the nucleus, which is impacted by the # of p+ in the nucleus, and the number of e- is both the total and specifically in the outermost energy level

(EN > 2)

ionic

Ionic bond

one takes e- from the other

(EN < 0.5)

covalent

Covalent

equally shared

(0.5<EN<2)

polar covalent

Polar covalent

unequally shared