APUSH UNIT 2

Social Darwinists

Wiewed the competition among nations as a struggle for surviva

John Burgess

taught that we were destined to impose our political institution on the rest of the world

“White Man’s Burden”

became a popular expression that carried w/it a duty to aid & uplift

“Yellow press”

Led by Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst described foreign exploits as manly adventures

Rev. Josiah Strong - Our Country

wrote how the US would turn into Europe w/their “class conflicts

Alfred Thayer Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power upon History & inspired America to quickly build up its navy. Wanted to compliment the navy by building the Panama Canal, annexing Hawaii & other Pacific islands

Sec. of State-William Seward

• He laid the foundation for a more aggressive role in foreign affairs

• Seward’s Folly: 1867-Purchased Alaska from Russia-$7.2 million. ppl thought it was stupid.

• Approved Navy’s occupation of Midway Islands

• Pushed US trade onto Japan

• Tried to acquire Caribbean naval bases

Sec. of State James G. Blaine

• Big Sister Policy-Aimed at rallying L.A. behind US leadership & opening L.A. markets to US traders

• Wanted trade barriers reduced to increase trade w/L.A.

• 1889-Pan-American Conference-helped to promote hemispheric understanding & cooperation

• L.A. rejected US over involvement

Great Rapprochement

Time when US & GB started cultivating a better relationship

McKinley Tarif

raised the tariff on their sugar, ending the Hawaiian advantage & their economy took a nose dive

Gen. “the Butcher” Weyler

rounded up rebels & sympathizers & confined them in re- concentration camps (Spanish General)

DeLome Letter

Spanish minister wrote a letter about McKinley being weak & Spain acting in bad faith

Rough Riders

led by Col. Leonard Wood & Lt. Col. Teddy Roosevelt-colorful regiment of volunteers from all walks of life

Treaty that ended Spanish-American War

Treaty of Paris

Insular Cases

a divided Supreme Court decreed, the flag did outrun the constitution, they might be subject to American rule, but they did not enjoy full American rights

Foraker Act

allowed a limited degree of gov’t, but still w/held full self-rule or great political rights

Gen. Wood

Set up a military gov’t in Cuba and performed miracles

Platt Amendment

restricted Cuba’s autonomy in diplomatic relations & internal financial affairs

Open Door Policy

all major colonial powers would have equal trading privileges in China

Boxer Rebellion

”Boxers”, Chinese nationalists hated foreign interference & a rebellion broke out

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

GB & US had to build a canal together

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

GB renounced its rights to the canal

Dr. William Gorgas

Wiped out yellow fever

Roosevelt Corollary

US would retain the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin America in order to restore military & financial order

Russo-Japanese War

gave TR a chance to

appear on the world stage

Treaty of Portsmouth

TR made sure treaty was even wh/left neither side happy

Gentlemen’s Agreement

US agreed to desegregate schools & Japan agreed to stop issuing passports to workers

Root-Takahira Agreement-

US & Japan pledged to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific & uphold the Open Door in China

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft wants to use soft power, American investments, to influence events. US businesses would invest in countries to convince them to be friendly to the US

Jones Act

Granted the Philippines territorial status

Progressive Era

a time when important movements challenged traditional relationships & attitudes

Thorstein Veblen

The Theory of the Leisure Class-discussed predatory wealth

“Social Gospel”

argued that churches should support social reform to alleviate problems

Jacob A. Riis - How the Other Half Lives

he shocked middle class, w/his damning indictment of the dirt, disease, vice, & misery of the New York slums

Muckrakers

A group of talented editors & journalists, who contributed to the new reform movement by focusing on the publics fear & revealing existing abuses

Samuel S. McClure

hired talented writers & reporters to investigate every aspect of American life

Lincoln Steffens-“The Shame of the Cities”

Corrupt alliance b/w big business & municipal gov’t

Ida Tarbell

Exposed the Standard Oil Company

David G. Phillips-“The Treason of the Senate”

exposed Senators who didn’t represent the people

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley

Chermist who performed experiments on himself, to expose vendors who were putting alcohol & drugs in products

Ray Stannard Baker- Following the Color Line

unfair treatment of the blacks who still lived in the South

John Spargo’s-The Bitter Cry of the Children

abuses of child labor

Initiatives

Allowed citizens to introduce legislation through a petition

Refernedum

Allows voters to approve or reject legislation

Recall

Enables voters to approve or reject legislation

Australian Ballot

Secret Ballot to help free voters from intimidation & discourage corruption

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of US Senators

Municipal Reform

Movement to break alliances b/w city bosses & business

Robert “Battling Bob” LaFollette

Wisconsin - introduced many progressive reforms in his state to

create “a laboratory for democracy”

Hiram W. Johnson

California-broke up the Pacific Railroad

Charles Evans Hughes

NY-investigated malpractices by gas & insurance companies & by the coal trust

Progressive Women Groups

National Consumers League

Women’s Trade Union League

Children’s Bureau & Women’s Bureau

Lochner v New York

Invalidated a NY law that est. a 10 hr work day for bakers

1908-Muller v Oregon-Landmark case-Louis D. Brandeis

S.C. limited the hours of women workers. It called for special protection & was hailed as a triumph for its time, b/c employers no longer had total control over their employees 1917-S.C. upheld the 10 hour work day for factory workers.

Good then bc vv dangerous conditions, but eventually limited women bc they “need to be protected, obv, and men don’t.

1911-Triangle Shirtwaist Company

146 workers were killed by a fire b/c they were

trapped inside

1902-Coal Miners Strike

United Mine Workers, led by John Mitchell, walked off their jobs

George F. Baer

spokesman for owners

Square deal

Even for everyone, all around

Dept. of Commerce & Labor

could subpoena information from industries that could be used for anti-trust lawsuits

Elkins Act

Gave federal courts power to control railroads illegal practices & outlawed rebates

Hepburn Act

authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates

1906-The Jungle-Upton Sinclair

appalled the public w/his description of disgustingly unsanitary food products

Meat Inspection Act

decreed the preparation of meat shipped across state lines would be subject to federal inspection

Pure Food & Drug Act

prevents the adulteration & mislabeling of foods & pharmaceuticals

Conservationists

led by Gifford

Pinchot-believed that land must be used

efficiently so it would remain available to

future generations

Preservationists

led by John Muir-insisted that the country’s national heritage be protected against any sort of defilement & preserved intact

Newlands Act

set aside money from federal land sales for dams & canals to irrigate land

Dept. of Agriculture

in charge of gov’t forest reserves & saved millions of acres of public forests

National Conservation Conference

Governors & hundreds of experts came together to consider resource problems

Bureau of Reclamation

constructed dams, reservoirs & irrigated canals & helped restore fertile valleys in the desert

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Gov’t allowed San Francisco to build a dam for its water supply-Preservationists upset

Aldrich-Vreeland Act

authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral

16th Amendment

Authorized a federal income tax

“Rule of reason”

This doctrine held that only those combinations that “unreasonably” restrained trade were illegal

Payne Aldrich Bill

• Congress created a new tariff bill w/low tariffs, but the Senate padded it

• Progressives hated it

• Taft not only signed it, but then said “it was the greatest bill the Republican Party ever passed”

Joe Cannon

Conservative Speaker of the House

who systematically blocked progressive measures

& progressive committee chairs

New Nationalism (Roosevelt)

• Strong national gov’t to foster & regulate business & industry & protect workers & consumers

• Believed gov’t agencies were needed & more effective at keeping businesses in line

New Freedom (Wilson)

Limited gov’t intervention in the economy to restore competition using anti-trust lawsuits & protective tariffs

Underwood Tariff

Lowered tariffs & levied a graduated income tax

Federal Reserve Act

Created 12 regional banks, supervised by the Federal Reserve Board

Federal Trade Commission

Became the public’s watchdog to oversee business activity-it prevented illegal restrictions on competition & had the power to get info on & punish offending companies

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. It exempted labor & agricultural groups from anti-trust prosecution, while explicitly legalizing strikes & peaceful picketing

Federal Farm Loan Act

provided farmer’s w/federal financed long term loans at low rates

Warehouse Act

improved short-tern agricultural credit

LaFollette Seamans’ Act

Required decent treatment & a living wage on US merchant ships

Workingmen’s Compensation Act

provides assistance to federal employees injured at work

Adamson Act

est. an 8 hr work day for railroad workers

Highway Act

provided $ to build & improve rural roads

Keating Owen Act

prohibited shipment of goods interstate made by child labor

Louis Brandies-Supreme Court

defended protective Labor

Internationalists

US should play a vigorous role in world affairs & serve as a force for honorable behavior

Isolationists

feared US involvement would interfere w/reform at home

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson’s foreign policy-doing what is morally right, not necessarily what is most beneficial

Porfiro Diaz

In 1914, his dictatorship over Mexico ended

Francisco Madero

Radical leader who took over after Mexico revolution. Killed and replaced by Victoriano Huerta

Victoriano Huerta

overthrowed Francisco Madero. Wilson refused to recognize his gov’t

Carranza

Huerta’s rival. Wilson gave guns/resources to him. Evenually toppled Huerta

Tensions w/ Mexico

1. Tampico-US crewmen of a US vessel were arrested by Huerta’s officers

2. Vera Cruz-Wilson blockaded the port bringing Huerta arms

ABC Powers

Argentina, Brazil, Chile. Prevented the first possibility of war b/w US and Mex. w/ arbitration

Pancho Villa

Challenged and took over Carranza. Attacked Americans “those gringos”. Started into New Mexico over US borders, brought down by Gen John “Black Jack” Pershing, and only didn't' escalate into war bc of WWI