Respiratory System

oxygen and carbon dioxide

The respiratory system consists of the structures used to acquire and remove ___ from the blood.

Seven Respiratory Structures

External Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lung

Upper Respiratory Tract

External Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea, Bronchi, Lung

True

Infections can either be upper respiratory infection or lower respiratory infection

External Nose and Nasal Cavity

Composition of the nose

External Nose

Visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face

Nasal Cavity

Open chamber inside the noseN

Nasal Cavity

Where air first enters the respiratory system

Nares or Nostrils

The nasal Cavity begins at the anterior external openings called

Pharynx

The nasal cavity extends to posterior openings into the

Choanae

Posterior openings into the pharynx

Vestibule

Region in the anterior part of the nasal cavity inside each naris

Stratified squamous epithelium

Tissue lining of vestibule

Cleaning, Warming, Humidifying Chamber for Inspired air

The nasal cavity is a ____, ____, ____ chamber for ___

Passageway, cleans, humidifies and warms air, contains olfactory epithelium, determine voice sound

Main functions of nasal cavity

False

When the nasal cavity is blocked, voice does not change since the voice does not resonate in the nasal cavity

Throat

The pharynx is commonly called the

Food and air

The pharynx serves as a common passageway for

Pharynx

Common opening of both digestive and respiratory systems

Nasal Cavity, Oral Cavity

The pharynx receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food, and drink from the oral cavity.

larynx, esophagus

the pharynx is connected to the
respiratory system at the and to the digestive system at the _ .

Regions of the Pharynx

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Larynx

Voice box

Patent

The rigid structure of the larynx helps keep the airway constantly open,

laryngopharynx, tongue, trachea

It is located in the anterior part of the
and extends from the base of the to the _.

ligaments

The larynx is called the voice box because it houses the used for speech as well as for swallowing and other functions.

vestibular folds, vocal folds

Ligaments in the larynx

Main functions of Larynx

1. Maintains an open passageway for
   air movements
2. Prevents swallowed materials from
   entering the larynx and lower respiratory tract
3. Produces sound for speech
4. Protects the lower respiratory tract
   from foreign materials

Windpipe

The trachea is commonly known as

Trachea

Allows air to flow into the lungs

Trachea

is a membranous tube attached to the larynx and consists of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle

15-20

The trachea is reinforced with ____ C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

Tracheal Rings

C-shaped Hyaline Cartilage that support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing

Tracheobronchial Tree

Consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.

True

The trachea divides to form a left and right main bronchus, each of which divides to form smaller and smaller bronchi.

microscopic tubes and sacs

The smaller bronchi continue getting
smaller until they terminate in

4 Classes of Air Passageways (L-S)

1. Lobar Bronchi
2. Segmental Bronchi
3. Bronchioles
4. Terminal Bronchioles

Lobar Bronchi

arise directly from the main bronchi.

Lobes

Section of lungs

Two

Number of lobes of left lung

Three

Number of lobes of right lung

Segmental Bronchi

Also known as tertiary bronchi

Bronchopulmonary Segments

Subdivisions of each lung lobe supplied by the segmental bronchi

Bronchioles

Result of continued branching of segmental bronchi

Terminal Bronchioles

Arise from subdivisions of bronchioles

Main Bronchi or Primary Bronchi

The trachea divides to form two smaller tubes called , or ____, each of which extends to a lung.

Carina

At the location where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi is a ridge of cartilage called the _.

Alveoli

Site of pulmonary respiration

Alveoli

Small air-filled chambers where blood and air come into close contact with each other

Alveoli Branches (L-S)

1. Respiratory Bronchioles
2. Alveolar Ducts
3. Alveolar Sacs

Respiratory Bronchioles

Have a few attached alveoli.

increases

As the respiratory bronchioles divide to form smaller respiratory bronchioles, the number of attached alveoli _.

Alveolar Ducts

arise from the respiratory
bronchioles.

alveoli

The alveolar ducts are
like long, branching hallways with many open doorways. The
“doorways” open into the _.

Alveolar Sacs

Chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct.

300 million

Approximately _ alveoli are in the two lungs.

250 μm, thin

The average diameter of an alveolus is approximately , and its wall is extremely _.

Type I Pneumocytes and Type II Pneumocytes

Cells the form in the alveolar wall

Type I Pnuemocytes

thin squamous epithelial cells that form 90% of the alveolar surface. Most of the gas exchange between alveolar air and the blood takes place
through these cells.

Type II Pneumocytes

round or cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant, which makes it easier for the alveoli to expand
during inspiration.

alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries

The and _ form the respiratory membrane in the lungs.

Respiratory Membrane

Location of pulmonary respiration. In other words, it is where O2 enters the blood and CO2 exits the blood.

FALSE

To facilitate the diffusion of gases, the respiratory membrane is extremely thick; it is thicker than a ream of bond paper.

General Respiratory Membrane Components

1. The alveolar cell layer
2. The capillary endothelial layer
3. An interstitial space between the alveolar layer and the capillary layer

Lungs

Primary organs of respiration and among the largest organs of the body

false

Each lung is conical in shape, and extends
from the diaphragm to a point approximately 2.5 cm inferior to the clavicle.

Base

Portion of the lungs extending above the clavicle

620g

Weight of Right Lung

560g

Weight of Left Lung

three, two

The right lung has lobes, while the left lung has lobes

deep, prominent fissures

The lung lobes are separated by ____ on the surface of the lung.

Lobar bronchus

Supplies each lung lobe

Cardiac notch

Medial indentation that provides room for the heart to lie between the lungs.

bronchopulmonary segments

The lung lobes are further subdivided into

Composition of Thoracic Wall

1. Thoracic Vertebrae
2. Ribs
3. Costal Cartilages
4. Sternum
5. Associated Muscles

Thoracic Cavity

is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm.

hilum

Is an indentation on the medial surface of the lung. It is where structures, such as the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lung.

root of the lung.

All the structures passing through the hilum are referred to as the

Aspects of Respiration

Ventilation and Respiration

Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungsRe

Respiration

Diffusion of gases across plasma membranes

Conducting Zone

Encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation

Respiratory Zone

Solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli; gas exchange occurs within the respiratory zone

Processes in Gas Exchange

1. Ventilation
2. Pulmonary Respiration
3. Gas Transport
4. Systemic Respiration

Ventilation

This is what we more commonly refer to as breathing. Air moves into and out of the respiratory passages.

Pulmonary Respiration

O2 moves out of the alveolar air and into the blood. At the same time, CO2 diffuses out of the blood and joins the air in the alveoli.

Gas Transport

Carbon dioxide and O2 travel in the blood to and from cells.

Systemic Respiration

Gas exchange with the tissues involves the exit of O2 from the blood into cells, while CO2 exits cells to enter the blood.

Other Functions of Respiratory System

1. Regulation of blood pH
2. Production of chemical mediators
3. Voice production
4. Olfaction
5. Protection

Regulation of blood pH

The respiratory system can alter blood pH by changing blood CO2 levels.

Production of chemical mediators

The lungs produce an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is an important component of blood pressure regulation

Voice production

Air moving past the vocal folds makes sound and speech possible.

Olfaction

The sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

Protection

The respiratory system provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces.