all historiography

Pennock on Patriarchy

viewed as patriarchal but mothers were seen as equivalent

Pennock on male and female rights

• structurally equivalent rather than equal

• men controlled the roles that were traditionally a marker of influence

• female rights are tangible in Aztec culture

Pennock on gender and birth

gender is imprinted a birth

Pennock on marriage

demonstrates the perceived importance of both male and female actiivties for collective success

Pennock on gender and religion

men served gods, women embodied them

brumfiel on gender sources

gender studies draw heavily on the expansion of archeology

nash on gender

imperial expansion resulted in the subordination of Aztec women

Klien on gender

gender is seen as a fluid concept but society is worried that men and women life between these categories so must be pinned down

brown on gender

increasingly patriarchal society

trexler on gender

here is a moment you can chose your gender, shown in the Florentine codex

dias on warfare

he justified the conquest

alvos on emperors

future emperor must be brave, a member of the nobility, educated at the calmecac school and over thirty

sahagun on leaders

the Florentine codex says that in order to be a leader one must be a successful warrioror and not seen as a god but a human who makes mistakes

hassig on warfare systems

aztec and western systems are similar in organisation and operational necessities

hassig on war

war no doubt emphasised peoples aggressive behaviour in which the Spanish saw the Aztecs

portilla on war and sacrifice

human sacrifice exhorted warriors not to fear death

kellogg on war

violence was a key part of aztec warfare

Chavez Balers and Varquez Valli

human sacrifice was the way in which the Spanish justified the conquest

wade on human sacrifice

• believed to nourish the gods

• political power and religious belief is key to understanding the practice

graulich on research and human sacrifice

research on human sacrifice tends to focus on arbitrary privileged sources

graulich on human sacrifice

• ritual killing of the deity was to sacrificially nourish gods

• also to humble oneself

Duran on the ancient calendar

• the north lay in the underworld

• south neither considered good bad

• east was most important - most fertile and fruit abundant

Garcia Gargarza on religion

human life is framed by a series of performance rituals

kellogg on religion

played a key role but economic and political motivations lay behind the extreme political violence of the late postclassic period

Pennock on society

describes Tenochtitlan as not a particularly violent place but was depicted as violent to justify the Spanish conquest

alvos on the legal system

reflects the history, culture and social values of aztec society and its militaristic nature

hassig on social ranking

intimately tied to political office

soustelle on wealth

houses differed depending on rank and death and the luxury of a house rested in the size, number of rooms and garden

Soustelle on merchants

a nation within a nation

carrasco on the codex Mendoza

contains extraordinary images of Aztec political, economic and social history

berdan on sources

aztec source are not entirely reliable due to the Spanish accounts but archaeology and oral tradition can still be used

Bowles on name

it is modern and inaccurate to user the name Aztec for a group of interrelated nations, should be referred to as Nahuas

pennock on gender sources

inherently problematic due to post conquest production

Harwood on the Codex Mendoza

more of an indigenous production than people initially understood

burden on name

aztec naming as particularly troublesome

Ingham on Human Sacrifice

elite practice designed to have control over commoners  

carassco on the Codex Mendoza

collaborative source

Sigel

spanish made up anti homosexuality

graham

not ceremonial just an extension casualties of war