Antibiotics

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11 Terms

1
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Penicillins

Beta-lactam

(e.g., Amoxicillin, Penicillin G)

Category D

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

Bactericidal

Time-dependent

Distributes extracellularly, poor CNS/intracellular unless inflamed

Broad Spectrum: Gram+ and some Gram- (esp. with clavulanate).

Contraindicated in hindgut fermenters (rabbits, guinea pigs), hypersensitivity

2
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Cephalosporins

Beta-lactam

(e.g., Cephalexin, Ceftiofur, Cefovecin)

Category B

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

Bactericidal

Time-dependent

Good tissue distribution, poor CNS unless inflamed

Spectrum: 1st gen = Gram+; later gens = more Gram-

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, avoid in small herbivores

3
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Aminoglycosides

(e.g., Gentamicin, Amikacin)

Category C

Protein synthesis inhibitor (30S)

Bactericidal

Concentration-dependent

Poor CNS/ocular penetration; accumulates in kidneys & inner ear; poor absorption via teat (good for pathogens that stay in ducts)

Spectrum: aerobic Gram-, some Gram+ (synergy)

Contraindicated in renal disease, dehydration, neuromuscular disorders

4
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Tetracyclines

(e.g., Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline)

Category D

Protein synthesis inhibitor (30S)

Bacteriostatic

Time-dependent

Excellent intracellular, respiratory, and CNS penetration

Spectrum: broad (Gram+, Gram-, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia)

Contraindications: young/pregnant animals (teeth, bone effects); risk of oesophageal injury in cats

5
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Fluoroquinolones

(e.g., Enrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin)

Category B

DNA gyrase/topoisomerase inhibitor

Bactericidal

Concentration-dependent

Excellent intracellular and tissue penetration (esp. respiratory, urinary, prostate)

Spectrum: Gram-, some Gram+, Mycoplasma

Contraindications: growing animals (cartilage damage), cats (retinal toxicity at high doses)

6
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Macrolides

(e.g., Erythromycin, Tylosin, Azithromycin)

Category C

Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S)

Bacteriostatic (cidal at high dose)

Time-dependent

High intracellular and respiratory penetration

Spectrum: Gram+, Mycoplasma, some Gram- respiratory pathogens

Contraindications: GI upset in horses/rabbits, resistance concerns

7
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Lincosamides

(e.g., Clindamycin, Lincomycin)

Category C

Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S)

Bacteriostatic

Time-dependent

Excellent bone, soft tissue, abscess penetration; poor CNS

Spectrum: Gram+, anaerobes, Toxoplasma

Contraindicated in horses, rabbits, ruminants (fatal colitis), cross-resistance with macrolides.

8
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Sulfonamides + Trimethoprim

(e.g., TMS, SMZ-TMP)

Category D

Folic acid synthesis inhibitors

Bactericidal (combo), bacteriostatic (alone)

Time-dependent

Wide distribution incl. CNS, prostate, eye.

Spectrum: broad (Gram+, Gram-, some protozoa)

Contraindications: Dobermans (immune rxns), keratoconjunctivitis sicca, hepatic disease

9
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Chloramphenicol (and Florfenicol)

Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S)

Category C

Bacteriostatic (may be cidal)

Time-dependent

Excellent CNS, eye, and intracellular penetration

Spectrum: broad (Gram+, Gram-, anaerobes, Mycoplasma)

Contraindications: food animals (aplastic anaemia in humans), hepatic disease

10
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Metronidazole

DNA synthesis inhibitor (nitroimidazole)

Category C

Bactericidal

Concentration-dependent

Excellent CNS, abscess, and anaerobic tissue penetration

Spectrum: anaerobes, protozoa (Giardia, Trichomonas)

Contraindicated in food animals, pregnancy (possible teratogenicity)

11
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Antibiotics Licenced in Horses

Penicillin

Potentiated Sulphonamides - Trimethoprim + Sulphonamide

Ceftiofur

Metronidazole

Aminoglycosides - Gentamicin

Fluoroquinolones