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Variables
The overarching category (what you would call a carbonated beverage)
Variants
The actual realization of a variable (pop, soda, cola, etc)
Habitual Be
inserting “be” instead of “always” or “usually”
negative concord
double negative meaning a negative (he didn’t do nothing wrong)
null copula
dropping of “is” and “are” (but not “am” or “was”) (she pretty)
camouflage construction
features of AAE that most non-speakers aren’t aware of (he calls himself a cook → he calls himself cooking), because they appear on the surface to be standard English, and they use it incorrectly. (saying “we be going” on one instance of leaving, which is not how the habitual be is used)
syllable timed vs stress timed
tendency in Chicano English to make all syllables the same length of time, vs standard English, timing is based off of stressed syllables
non-reduction to schwa
In standard English, we schwa vowels (like in Because and Today), but in Chicano English, they don’t
high front vowels
[i] [I] merger into a single vowel sound (swimming → swimeen)
Structural Convergence
use of barely to mean recently