ap euro unit 8

Marxism

ex. the rise of socialist parties, the Communist Manifesto

the political/economic/social theories that included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society

militarism

ex. the German Schlieffen Plan

a policy of aggressive military preparedness; large armies based on mass conscription and complex/inflexible mobilization plans; as most European nations had this before WWI

nationalism

ex. as in the unifications of Italy and Germany

a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community, or “nation,” that has common institutions, traditions, languages, or customs; that consciousness becomes the focus of the person’s primary political loyalty

fascism

ex. Mussolini’s regime in Italy

an ideology/movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader, economic and social regiments, and forcible suppression of any opposition

propaganda

ex. Hitler’s “glorifying” art/rallies/television programs

a program of distorted information put out by a government/organization to spread its policies, causes, or beliefs

trench warfare

ex. WWI European battle tactics in France/Germany

warfare in which the opposing forces attack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire

racial ideology

ex. used to justify Atlantic slave trade and the Holocaust

a system of beliefs that categorizes human beings into distinct hierarchical groups based on perceived physical/biological differences, often asserting the superiority of one race over another

provisional government in Russia

formed after the February Revolution, shared power with the Petrograd Soviet, failed to withdraw from WWI, collapsed in Oct Revolution

a temporary, moderate authority established in Russia by liberal leaders to replace Tsar Nicholas II and transition to democracy

Lenin

rejected provisional government, became the leader of the new government over Trotsky after Bolshevik seizure, signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to get Russia out of WWI, Red Army → USSR

(1870-1924)

a Russian revolutionary leader and political theorist who played a key role in the establishment of the Soviet Union after leading the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917

utopian socialism/socialists

ex. Robert Owen’s New Lanark (model factory town with education)

intellectuals and theorists in the early nineteenth century who favored equality in social and economic conditions; wanted to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation

Bolsheviks

seized power in 1917 and were then renamed the Communists

a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution

Treaty of Versailles

caused German resentment and considered a key factor in the rise of Nazism and the onset of WWII

(1919)

the primary peace treaty ending WWI signed between the Allies and Germany; forced Germany to accept full responsibility, pay reparations, disarm its military, and cede territory

Triple Alliance

aimed to isolate France/stop Russian expansion; when Italy left in 1915 was changed to Central Powers; opposed Triple Entente; a cause for regional conflict leading to WWI

(1882)

a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed a central European bloc against France and Russia (BEFORE WWI)

Triple Entente

Britain didn’t like German naval expansion, France wanted to reclaim territory, Russia was competing over the Balkans; cause for regional conflict leading to WWI

(1904)

a looser alliance between Britain, France, and Russia aimed and countering the growing power of the Triple Alliance

Great Depression

mass unemployment, poverty, totalitarian government control, bank failures, increased government intervention in economics

(1929~1939)

a severe global economic collapse triggered by the 1929 US stock market crash; severely hit Germany, but also Britain and France; governments shifted away from liberalism and towards managed economics

Weimar Republic

Germany’s first democracy, after WWI and Kaiser Wilhelm II’s abdication; faced humiliation/financial stress from the Treaty of Versailles and hyperinflation, but was seen as a cultural “Golden Age;” collapsed in 1933 after inability to handle problems, Hitler was appointed chancellor after

League of Nations

(1920)

established through the Treaty of Versailles; an international organization established after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among countries, aimed to prevent future conflicts through collective security/diplomacy

unfortunately unable to enforce decisions/prevent failures such as the Manchurian Crisis, dissolved in 1946 after WWII

isolationism

ex. Switzerland not joining the League of Nations or many alliances through WWI/WWII

a foreign policy in which a nation refrains form making alliances or engaging actively in international affairs

Russian Revolution

(1917)

a pair of pivotal revolutions (Feb and Oct) that dismantled the tsar’s authority, established provisional government, and ultimately installed the first Communist state under Lenin’s Bolsheviks

February Rev - mass riots and strikes → Tsar Nicholas abdicates to a provisional government; Oct Rev - Bolsheviks seize power; led to the Russian Civil War between Reds and Whites; driven by WWI losses, starvation, unrest

Tsar Nicolas II

(r. 1894-1917)

last tsar of Russial wanted autocratic rule but also couldn’t manage crises such as WWI (casualties); forced by the Feb Rev to abdicate in 1917 and killed by the Bolsheviks; rise of USSR after his death

National socialism/Nazism

ex. the use of the secret SS/Gestapo to suppress dissent, enforce racial laws, and persecute political opponents

a far right, totalitarian, and racist ideology led by Adolf Hitler; form of fascism with extreme nationalistic/anti-Semitic/anti-communist/master-racist ideology; state holds total control over a hierarchical state; wanted to acquire Lebenstaum/living space

Germany’s reparation payments

132 million marks (the Treaty also made them limit army and conscription and lose territory)

monetary compensation forced on Germany by the Allies after WWI (through the Treaty of Versailles)

feminism

ex. Olympe de Gouges’ “Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen,” arguing that women should have equal rights

the belief in the social/political/economic equality of the sexes; also, organized activity to advance women’s rights

USSR

(1922-1991)

a communist state of multiple united Soviet republics under Lenin; focused on Marxist/Leninist ideology, socialist economic policies, authoritarian rule; formed by the Bolshevik Rev (1917) and transformed by Stalin’s Five-Year Plans (industrialization, agricultural collectivization, repression)

Nazi racial theories (also see Aryanism)

a set of pseudoscientific beliefs/ideologies that categorized humans into hierarchies based on biology/ancestry; specifically that ethnic Germans/Aryans were a “master race” over “subhuman” Jews, Roma, and others; not just extremist opinions, but actual philosophy that justified totalitarian rule, expansionist war, and the Holocaust