Unit 2: Chapter 13 Terms and I.D.'s

Christian Humanism

15th century movement, Northern Europe, combined interests in early Italian Renaissance with sources of early Christianity.

Pluralism

Late medieval church problem, practice of holding several church offices simultaneously

Confession

Catholics believed priest provides confession; protestants believed in direct confession with God

Justification

primary doctrine of protestant reformation, teaching that humans are saved not through good works but by the grace of god, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of jesus

Transubstantiation

Substance of bread and wine consumed, transformed into the body & blood of Jesus. Testament to God’s forgiveness of sin.

Predestination

belief that god has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned

Catholic Reformation

16th century, Includes: revived papacy, regeneration of old religious orders and the founding of new ones (most notably by Jesuits) & the reaffirmation of traditional Catholic doctrine

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Politiques

Group that emerged during the French Wars of Religion, 16th century, place politics above religion, and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war.

Puritans

English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology, wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Diet of Worms

1521 imperial council, convened by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, addresses growing concerns about Martin Luther’s teachings and the Protestant Reformation - led to 95 theses

Charles V

1519-1556 Holy Roman Emperor who wanted to keep Catholicism united against the Protestant Reformation.

Peace of Augsburg:

1555, temporarily ended religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire through the principle of “cuius regio, eius religio”, allowed each prince to decide whether their territory would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Zwingli

Swiss Protestant reformer, advocated for a church reformed according to the Bible, emphasized using only the Bible.

Peasant Wars of 1525

German peasant uprising in the Holy Roman Empire, combined social grievances with the ideals of the Protestant Reformation.

Anabaptist

16th century Christian movement during the Protestant Reformation, believed in adult baptism, complete separation of church and state, and commitment to pacifism

Calvinism

16th century branch of Protestantism, follows theological teachings of John Calvin, emphasizes predestination, sovereignty of God, and 5 points of Calvinist doctrine.

Act of Supremacy

1534 legislation, declared King Henry VIII the Supreme Head of England, legally severing England from the authority of the Pope and Roman Catholic Church.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

1572, violent outbreak against Huguenots in France

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

1534 religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, part of the Catholic Reformation, aimed to promote education, missionary work, and counter the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

1545-1563 council of the Catholic Church, response to the Protestant Reformation, clarify doctrines, reform abuses, and reaffirm Catholic tradition.