Health Science Theory Unit 4: Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

The study of structure of the body

Physiology

The study of function of the body

6 elements that represent 99% of the body’s chemicals

oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, phosphorus

5 trace elements of 1%

potassium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine, magnesium

About how many cells make up the human body?

5 trillion

Cells vary according to their ____________

functions

What is the phenomenon where bones, muscle, skin, and blood are made up of different types of cells?

differentiation

List 4 cell shapes

flat, round, irregular, threadlike

What can all cells do?

• reproduce

• use oxygen and nutrients

• produce energy

• eliminate waste

• maintain shape

All human cells have a ____________, and what is the exception?

• nucleus

  • exception: mature red blood cells

What is the nucleus?

the “brain” of the cell that directs all of its activities

How many paired chromosomes are in the nucleus?

23 paired (46 total) chromosomes

What do chromosomes contain?

DNA

What are sections of DNA called?

genes

Cells are held together by an outer layer called the _______.

cell membrane

Cell membrane is________.

selectively permeable

What is inside of every cell? (gel-like substance)

cytoplasm

How much water is cytoplasm composed of?

70-90%

What are the microscopic functional units of the cell?

organelles

4 types of tissues:

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

What is the most common tissue type?

connective tissue

Where is the connective tissue found in the body?

bones, organs, muscles, nerves, and skin

What is connective tissue made up of?

collagen and elastic fibers

How does connective tissue hold the body parts?

forms webs of tissue

collagen fibers are _______.

• densely packed & arrange in a parallel construction

elastic fibers enable connective tissue to _________

stretch

epithelial tissue covers the ___________

external and internal surfaces

the skin consists of ___________

epithelial

what is also made up of epithelial tissue?

linings of internal organs

what do muscle tissues do?

helps body to move

3 kinds of muscle tissue:

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

skeletal muscle

attached to bones and causes body movement, voluntary

cardiac muscle

found in heart, involuntary

smooth muscle

lines walls of internal organs, involuntary

where is the nervous tissue concentrated in?

spinal cord and brain

what are found in the nervous tissue?

neurons

what are neurons responsible for?

generating, sending, and receiving electrical signals to all parts of the body

define organs

two or more groups of tissues working together

vital organs are (list 4):

brain, heart, liver, lungs

non-vital organs are (list 3):

spleen, gallbladder, appendix

body systems

organs that work together to accomplish a more complex task than a single organ can perform

homeostasis

• self-regulation where you maintain stability of organism

  • eg: controlling body temperature and blood pressure

What does the integumentary system do?

covers and protects the body

4 functions of the integumentary system

• regulation of temperature

• production of vitamin D from sunlight

• excretion of minor amounts of  waste material in SWEAT

• transmission of sensory info for pain, touch, pressure, temp.

What is the largest organ in the body and what are its 3 layers?

• skin

  • epidermis

  • dermis

  • subcutaneous

epidermis

• visible layer

• shedding of cells

• lacks blood vessels and nerve cells

dermis

• below epidermis

• layer of tissue, capillaries, muscles, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

subcutaneous

• deepest layer

• composed of lipocytes

• protects body tissue and insulator

sebaceous glands

microscopic glands for depositing oily secretion on skin hairs

why are glands acidic?

destroy pathogens

sweat glands

sudoriferous glands that help regulate body temperature

what does body hair do?

• regulates temperature

• acts as a sensor

• hair in nose helps filter out particles

• eyelashes protect eyes from foreign objects

What are hair and fingernails made of?

keratin

What is the cuticle?

fold of tissue at the nail root

where does pink nail color come from?

blood vessels beneath them

What does the musculoskeletal system form?

framework that holds the human body together

what does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

bones, joints, and muscles

There are more than _______ individual muscles in the human body.

600

muscles account for about ___% of total body weight of an adult human.

40%

What is the skeleton composed of?

bones, cartilage, joints

what does the skeleton provide?

internal support system that allows humans to stand upright and protect internal organs

How is movement possible?

muscle attached to bones contract and pull on bones

what do bones provide?

storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, and bone marrow, which manufactures blood cells

what are some muscle injuries

muscle cramps, soreness, tendinitis, shin splints, strains

how is exercise related to muscle, bone, and joint health

exercise helps slow down bone loss and prevents muscle, bone, or joint problems

how does the nervous system direct the function of body systems?

through electrical impulses generated by neurons

what stimulates neurons?

• dendrites

  • they respond to stimuli

3 structures of the brain that contribute to the central nervous system

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

cerebrum

memory and learning

cerebellum

coordinates muscle activity

brain stem

• connects brain to spinal cord

• relays sensory info

• regulates body activities 

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

nerves and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

how many pairs of cranial nerves enable senses, sensations, etc.

12 pairs of cranial nerves

how many pairs of spinal nerves carry signals throughout the body?

31 pairs of spinal nerves

what does the sensory system consist of?

sensory receptors and senses

what does the endocrine system contain?

glands that secrete hormones & make body respond in a certain way

what do hormones affect?

growth/development, energy, balance, reproduction, metabolism

what is the function of the respiratory system?

supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide through respiration

what is in upper respiratory tract?

nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx

what is in lower respiratory tract?

trachea, lungs (houses bronchi and bronchioles), alveolis

why does the cardiovascular system circulate blood?

• transport oxygen and nutrients, and hormones

• remove waste materials

how many times does the heart beat per day?

100,000 times, sending 2000 gallons of blood pumping through 60,000 miles of blood vessels

The heart consists of __ layers and __ valves. 

3 layers and 4 valves →blood flows in only ONE DIRECTION

upper chamber

receives blood coming INTO the heart

lower chamber

pumps blood OUT of the heart

arteries

carry oxygen-rich blood AWAY from the heart

capillaries

deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste at cellular level

veins

carry oxygen-poor blood FROM capillaries back TO the heart

what does the lymphatic system do?

fights disease, destroys pathogens, and removes waste

key components in lymphatic systems

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts, tonsils, thymus gland, spleen

What does the immune system do?

• defend against intruders

• two types: acquired and natural immunity

healthy immune system

• responds quickly to antigens (foreign substances)

• white blood cells produce antibodies (proteins that circulate in plasma as response to presence of foreign antigens) 

what does the gastrointestinal system do?

organs ingest, break down food and absorb nutrients, dispose of waste

Where does mechanical breakdown occur?

mouth

where does chemical breakdown occur?

stomach and small intestine

what does the large intestine do?

absorbs water

what are the accessory organs of digestion

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

role of liver

• secretes bile to digest fats

• filters blood

• stores minerals and proteins

role of gallbladder

stores bile and delivers to small intestine to break down fats

role of liver and pancreas

have both digestive and metabolic functions