Intro to Developmental Psychology Test 1 Study Guide

What is intentional injury or harm to another person; relatively stable trait?

aggression

What are the characteristics of aggression in early preschool years?

- often addressed at attaining desired goal

- declines through preschool years as does frequency and average length of episodes

- extreme and sustained aggression is cause of concern

What aggression is motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal and is higher in boys than girls?

instrumental aggression

What aggression is intended to hurt another person's feelings through non-physical means and is in higher in girls than boys?

relational aggression

There are explanations for aggressive behavior among children. Who said strengthening species drives aggression?

sociobiologists

There are explanations for aggressive behavior among children. Who said prior learning shapes aggression?

social learning

There are explanations for aggressive behavior among children. What said interpretation of others' actions and situations influences aggression?

cognitive

Results of correlational research 1 suggests that observation of televised aggression leads to _____ ______.

subsequent aggression

What lists actions or phrases that are an exact copy of the adult model?

imitative aggression

What list aggressive acts the child invented that the model never performed?

novel (non-imitative) aggression

What produces significant language and emotional difficulties that manifests in difficulty to relate to others?

autism spectrum disorder

Autism often involves difficulty with ____ ____ problems.

false belief

What is a natural, involuntary action in newborns where they turn their head and open their mouth to find a nipple when their cheek or the corner of their mouth is gently touched, helping them find food (breast or bottle)?

rooting reflex

What makes newborns appear to take steps or dance when held upright with their feet touching a surface?

stepping reflex

What is the paddling of arms/legs in babies?

swimming reflex

What is a normal, automatic response in newborns where they throw their arms out, extend their legs, and then pull them back in, often with a cry, triggered by a loud noise or feeling of falling?

moro reflex

What is a normal primitive reflex where the big toe moves up and other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked?

Babinski reflex

What usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement?

startle reflex

What is an automatic, protective response present from birth, causing rapid eyelid closure to shield eyes from bright lights or sudden movements?

eye-blink reflex

What is an involuntary, vital feeding response in babies, triggered by touch on the roof of the mouth, causing them to automatically suck to get nourishment from breast or bottle?

sucking reflex

What is a natural protection against choking, located far forward on the tongue at birth, preventing large items from going down the throat?

gag reflex

What is the tendency of children to focus on only one, most salient aspect of a situation or object while neglecting other relevant features?

centration

What is the understanding that certain properties of objects—such as volume, mass, or number—remain the same despite changes in their form, shape, or appearance?

conservation

What are the varieties of early education?

child care centers, family child care programs, preschools, school-age child care

What are licensed facilities that care for groups of children in a non-home setting that typically serve infants through preschoolers?

child care centers

What is it where child care is provided in the caregiver's own home, usually for a small group of mixed-age children and the programs are generally more home-like?

family child care programs

What are early childhood education programs designed primarily for children ages 3-5 that focus on preparing children for kindergarten?

preschools

What are programs that provide supervision and activities for children who are already in school, typically before and after school, on holidays, or during summer breaks?

school-age child care

What is the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

assimilation

What are changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

accommodation

What is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body?

cephalocaudal principle

What is the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward?

proximodistal principle

What is making speechlike but meaningless sounds?

babbling

What is a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences?

infant-directed speech

What is speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves?

private speech

What is speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?

social speech

What is speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker?

speech impairment

What is speech in which words not critical to the message are left out?

telegraphic speech

Babies who are exposed to a infant-directed speech early in life seem to begin to use words and exhibit other forms of _____ _____ earlier.

linguistic competence

What plays an important role in infants' acquisition of language?

infant-directed speech

What is the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others?

pragmatics

What is the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication?

language

What is the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning?

learning theory approach

What is characterized by lower growth rate?

malnutrition

Chronically malnourished during infancy = ?

lower IQ score later

Young children begin to understand _______ and ______ and demonstrate rudiments of empathy.

causality; intentionality

What lies at the heart of some kinds of moral behavior?

empathy

The roots of empathy grow early in what age?

infants, toddlers, and preschoolers

What did Erikson say with the differences among infants with psychosocial development?

early experiences responsible for shaping key aspects of personalities

What are the two aspects of Erikson's psychosocial development?

initiative and guilt

What is initiative according to Erikson?

desire to act independently of parents and become autonomous

What is guilt according to Erikson?

guilt of unintended consequences resulting in shame and self-doubt

What is the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' and their own behavior?

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

What is development that encompasses changes in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of other's behavior?

psychosocial development

What is fast mapping?

new words are associated with their meaning after only brief encounter

What is the sense of being male or female?

gender identity

When is gender identity well established?

preschool years

What are the characteristics of male preschoolers with gender and play?

more rough and tumble play and same sex playmate preference around 3

What are the characteristics of female preschoolers with gender and play?

organized games and role playing and same sex playmate preference around 2

What is a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender?

gender schema

What are the three differences in height and weight with physical growth?

- averages mask great individual differences

- gender differences

- national and global economic differences

Slower growth = ?

lower caloric requirements

What is characterized by lower growth rate?

malnutrition

What is the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth?

scaffolding

What is the most hazardous health threat to children under the age of 6?

lead poisoning

What is the healthy caloric allotment for infants?

about 50 calories per day for each pound of weight

Newborn's distance visions range from _____ to _____.

20/200; 20/600

By 6 months, average infant's vision is already _____.

20/20

Other visual abilites grow rapidly. What are they?

binocular vision and depth perception

What is the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?

object permanence

What parents produce withdrawn, socially awkward children?

authoritarian

What parents produce dependent, moody children with low social skills?

permissive parents

What parents produce emotionally detached, unloved, and insecure children?

uninvolved parents

What parents produce independent, friendly, self-assertive, and cooperative children?

authoritative parents

No single parenting pattern or style is likely to be universally _____ or likely invariably to produce successful children.

appropriate

What are parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law?

authoritarian parents

What are parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way?

authoritative parents

What are parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior?

uninvolved parents

Earliest human research suggests attachment based on needs for safety and security. Bowlby said attachment provides home base through qualitatively unique relationships with who?

individuals who best provide safety

What was the widely used experimental technique to measure attachment?

Ainsworth Strange Situation

What is the Ainsworth Strange Situation?

sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between child and (typically) mother

What is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?

attachment

What is a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior?

avoidant attachment pattern

What style of attachment is in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her?

disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

What is a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns?

secure attachment pattern

What explains how children actively construct knowledge as they interact with the world that occurs in four stages?

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

What are the stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

What stage is from birth to 2 years and is where learning is through senses and action; development of object permanence?

sensorimotor

What stage is from 2-7 and where symbolic thinking and language develop, but thinking is egocentric and not yet logical?

preoperational

What stage is from 7-11 and where logical thinking about concrete objects; understanding of conservation, reversibility, and cause-and-effect?

concrete operational

What stage is 12+ and is where abstract, hypothetical, and systematic thinking develops?

formal operational

What describes how children's understanding of rules, justice, and morality changes with age and cognitive growth?

Piaget's theory of moral development

There are activities that engage baby's interests that are represented simply for the sake of continuing to experience it for substage 2. What are they?

circular and primary circular reaction

What are the characteristics of substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions?

1 to 4 months of age, beginning of coordination of what were separate actions

What are the characteristics of substage 3: secondary circular reactions?

4 to 8 months of age, child begins to act upon outside world, infants now seek to repeat enjoyable event, secondary circular reactions

What are the characteristics of substage 4: coordination of secondary circular reactions?

8 to 12 months, beginning of goal-directed behavior, schemes combined and coordinated to generate single act

What is knowledge of oneself?

self-awareness

What begins to grow around 12 months and is influenced by cultural upbringing?

roots of self-awareness

What is the physical stimulation of the sense organs?

sensation

What is the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain?

perception