PSY150- Social Psychology-Ch12 (Powerpoint)

Social Psychology

The study of human thinking, feeling, and behavior, and how these are influenced by other individuals or groups.

Situational Influences

Factors in the immediate environment that affect behavioral outcomes.

Dispositional Attributions

Attributions that assign outcomes to internal characteristics or traits.

Situational Attributions

Attributions that assign outcomes to external circumstances or environment.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize internal factors when explaining others' behavior and underestimate situational influences.

Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency to explain others' behaviors with internal factors while attributing our own behaviors to external factors.

Self-serving Bias

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors as a way to protect self-esteem.

Just-world Hypothesis

The belief that people generally get what they deserve, leading to victim blaming.

Social Roles

Patterns of behavior expected of individuals in specific settings or groups.

Social Norms

Expectations within a group about what is appropriate and acceptable behavior.

Conformity

The alteration of one's behaviors and opinions to match those of others.

Compliance

The act of yielding to a request or demand.

Obedience

Following orders given by a perceived authority.

Normative Social Influence

Conformity based on the desire for approval or acceptance.

Informational Social Influence

Conformity based on the desire to be correct or to obtain information.

Groupthink

A phenomenon where group members prioritize harmony and consensus over critical thinking.

Social Facilitation

The tendency to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others.

Social Loafing

The phenomenon of individuals putting forth less effort when working in a group than when working alone.

Deindividuation

A state where individuals lose self-awareness and sense of accountability, often leading to impulsive behavior.

Aggression

Any behavior intended to harm or cause pain to someone else.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

The theory that blocked goals lead to frustration, which can increase the likelihood of aggression.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency situation when others are present.

Cognitive Dissonance

The discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.

Social Comparison Theory

The theory that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.

Altruism

The selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to helping behaviors.

Stereotype Threat

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual’s social group, which can affect performance.

In-group Bias

The tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groups.

Out-group Homogeneity Effect

The perception that members of an out-group are more similar to each other than they really are.

Intergroup Conflict

Conflict that occurs between different groups, often arising from competition for resources.

Social Identity Theory

A theory that explains how an individual’s self-concept is influenced by their group memberships.

Reciprocal Altruism

A behavior where an individual acts in a way that temporarily reduces their fitness while increasing another's, with the expectation that the other will act in a similar manner.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs.