Chapter 3: Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules

Any molecule with a carbon and hydrogen backbone/skeleton

inorganic molecules

any molecule that is not based on a carbon and hydrogen backbone/skeleton.

- THESE MAY CONTAIN HYDROGEN AND CARBON but are not the C/H backbone

Monomer

smaller molecules that act as building blocks to build a polymer

Polymers

Larger molecules are made up of repeating units of monomers

Carbohydrate (Monomer -- Polymer)

monosaccharide (glucose), polysaccharide (starch)

amino acids

monomers of proteins

nucleotide

monomer to nucleic acid (DNA)

4 categories of organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Role of Carbohydrates

provide energy

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

What holds carbohydrates together?

glycosidic bonds

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

importance of lipids

- energy storage

- insulation

- Fat

- Organ protection

- Making hormones

fatty acid

Building Blocks of Lipids

triglyceride

3 fatty acid + glycerol

Lipids include

fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids

What bonds hold lipids together?

ester bonds

amphipathic

have a polar head and a nonpolar tail

Saturated fatty acids

- no double bonds

- solid at room temperature

unsaturated fats

- contain at least one double bond

- liquid at room temperature

- causes a kink

Cis or trans unsaturated fatty acids

cis= hydrogen atoms are bound to carbon atoms on the same side

trans= hydrogen atoms are bound to carbon on the opposite side

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

function of proteins

- serve as structural support

- serve as a backbone

- formation of enzymes

- structure behind antibodies

amino acids form a

peptide bond and form a polypeptide chain

primary structure

long string of amino acids

secondary structure

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

tertiary structure

multiple secondary structures

quaternary structure

multiple tertiary structures

organic catalysts

enzymes

Enzymes work by _____.

lowering the activation energy

denaturation of proteins

loss of their 3D shape, and stops functioning

True or False: Enzymes are specific for one reaction

True, determined by their active site

True or False: Enzymes are used up in a reaction?

False, enzymes are not used up in the reaction

Factors that affect rates of enzymatic reactions?

Temperature: if heated, it loses its 3D shape

pH- most enzymes function best at a particular pH

- Pressure, Concentration, Inhibitors

competitive inhibitors

act like substrate impostors and bind to the enzyme's active site, competing for the site with the true substrate.

Non competitive inhibitors

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

Once proteins denature

THERE IS NO GOING BACK

Nucleic acids are

cellular

information storage, functionality and reproduction

Nucleotide is made up of

1) deoxyribose 2) phosphate group 3) nitrogenous base