BIOPHORES (IDENTIFICATION)

Review for Moving Test Bio

The variety of different species of plants, animals, and other organisms in a particular area.

Biodiversity

The total number of species and # of runs in a given area.

Index of Diversity (ID)

The number of individuals/size of a species in a given area.

Population Density

The process of planting trees in an area where they have been cut down, in order to restore a forest.

Reforestation

The removal of trees from a forest, often due to logging or land conversion, resulting in a loss of forest cover.

Deforestation

A farming method where land is cleared by cutting and burning vegetation, commonly used in agriculture.

Kaingin / Slash & Burn

The unauthorized removal of trees from forests, often targeting valuable or specific tree species.

Illegal Logging (Selective Logging)

Changing farmland into other uses, such as residential or commercial areas.

Conversion of Agricultural Lands

Uncontrolled fires in wooded areas, causing damage to forests and ecosystems.

Forest Fires

Powerful tropical storms with strong winds and heavy rainfall.

Typhoons

Refers to a species that no longer exists because the last member has died.

Extinct

Describes a species with a critically low population at risk of becoming extinct.

Endangered

Populations in rapid decline, indicating the risk of becoming endangered.

Threatened

The introduction of harmful substances into the environment, often from human activities.

Pollution

Destructive fishing methods that involve the use of explosives to capture fish, damaging coral reefs and marine life.

Muro-ami / Dynamite Fishing

The increase in organic nutrients in bodies of water, leading to excessive plant and algae growth.

Eutrophication (Increase in Organic Nutrients)

The accumulation of harmful substances like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in organisms higher up in the food chain.

Biological Magnification (Increase in Polychlorinated Biphenyl or PCB)

A sudden and extensive growth of algae in bodies of water, potentially harmful to aquatic ecosystems.

Algal Bloom (Red Tide)

Certain gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Greenhouse Effect (Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, CFC or Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons)

The Earth's temperature increases due to the build-up of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.

Global Warming

Rainwater becomes acidic due to pollution from factories and vehicles, harming the environment.

Acid Rain

Excessive removal of resources from an ecosystem, depleting them.

Over Harvesting

A practice where society uses resources at a rate that doesn't exceed the environment's capacity to regenerate them.

Sustainable Development

Environmental conditions that prevent a population from growing too large, helping to maintain ecosystem balance.

Limiting Factors

The maximum number of individuals an environment can support without harm.

Carrying Capacity

A group of organisms of the same species living in a certain place.

Population

The process by which plants and other autotrophic organisms convert carbon dioxide, water, and light energy into glucose and oxygen.

Photosynthesis

The protective layers of cells on the upper and lower surface of a leaf.

Upper and Lower Epidermis

The tissue in the interior of the leaf where photosynthesis takes place, containing chloroplasts.

Mesophyll

A layer of loosely packed cells in the leaf that collects carbon dioxide and oxygen and allows for gas exchange.

Spongy Layer

Tissues in the leaf that contain the phloem and xylem, serving as transporting vessels of manufactured food and water.

Vascular Bundles

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll.

Chloroplast

The fluid-filled space within the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle (dark reaction) takes place.

Stroma

Flattened sacs within the chloroplast that contain chlorophyll and are stacked in grana.

Thylakoids

The first stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the thylakoid membrane, converting light energy to chemical energy and generating ATP and NADPH.

Light-Dependent Reaction

The second stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the stroma, converting carbon dioxide into sugar using the products of the light-dependent reaction.

Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction)

The process by which cells convert oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Cellular Respiration

The first step of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Glycolysis

The second step of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria and generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from the oxidation of pyruvate.

Krebs Cycle

The third step of cellular respiration that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and generates a large amount of ATP by utilizing the energy stored in NADH and FADH2.

Electron Transport Chain

A high-energy molecule that stores and provides energy for cellular processes.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary immediate energy source for cells, which is broken down to release stored energy.

Glucose

A 3-carbon molecule produced from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis.

Pyruvate

A process that occurs when oxygen is not present, resulting in the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol.

Fermentation

A process that occurs when oxygen is present, converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.

Oxidative Decarboxylation

By-products of cellular respiration.

Water and Carbon Dioxide

A cycle of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria and generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Krebs Cycle

A series of molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that enables the release of a large amount of chemical energy stored in NADH and FADH2, producing ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

The breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.

Glycolysis

The first step of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Glycolysis

Membrane-enclosed organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that convert the potential energy of food molecules into ATP.

Mitochondria

Compound that stores energy in the cell.

ATP

Organisms that can make their own food.

Autotrophs

Cycle of dark reactions in photosynthesis.

Calvin Cycle

Catabolic process pathways that break down organic molecules for the production of ATP.

Cellular Respiration

Green pigment in chloroplasts that captures light energy.

Chlorophyll

Organelle found in photosynthetic organisms that absorb sunlight and use it to synthesize carbon dioxide and water.

Chloroplast

Inner folded membrane of the mitochondrion.

Cristae

Specialized epidermal cell that controls the opening and closing of stomata.

Guard Cell

Organisms that cannot make their own food.

Heterotrophs

Cyclical series of reactions in cellular respiration that produces carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2.

Krebs Cycle

Stage of photosynthesis that requires light.

Light Reaction

Compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane, containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.

Mitochondrial Matrix

Organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration.

Mitochondrion

Process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy stored in food.

Photosynthesis

Process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients, leading to the growth of aquatic plant life and depletion of dissolved oxygen.

Eutrophication

Toxic wastes produced in the making of paints, inks, and electrical insulators.

PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl)