World History Study Guide Unit 1

What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648?

Treaty of Westphalia

What is inflation?

Rapid increase in prices

What factors led to the population decline and social tensions in Europe?

Political turmoil, war, famine, economic hardship

Who was the greatest supporter of militant Catholicism in the second half of the 16th century?

Philip II of Spain

What conflicts erupted between Catholics and Protestants in the 1500s?

Religious and political conflicts

How did Spain view its role in relation to Catholicism?

As a nation chosen by God to save Catholicism from Protestantism

What did King Philip II of Spain use to spread and enforce Catholicism?

The powerful Spanish navy

Who was recognized as the leader of the state government and church in England?

Queen Elizabeth

What was significant about Queen Elizabeth's reign?

She ruled for 40 years and was known for her cautious and strategic thinking

Were there any Huguenot French kings in the 1400s?

No, all fifteenth-century French kings were Catholic

Who was Henry of Navarre?

A Huguenot who became king to protect Huguenots from persecution

What created social tensions in sixteenth-century Europe?

Famine, war, and disease

What initiated the Thirty Years' War?

Conflicts between the Catholic Holy Roman Empire and Protestant Bohemia

What is absolutism?

A political system in which the ruler holds total power

What is a constitutional monarchy?

A system of government wherein a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government

What is national sovereignty?

When a nation has absolute power to be independent from external rule

What are natural rights?

Rights of all people to life, liberty, and property from birth

What is an armada?

A fleet of warships

Who wrote 'Leviathan'?

Thomas Hobbes

Who wrote 'Two Treatises of Government'?

John Locke

What is the divine right of kings?

The belief that power was given to kings by God

Who led parliamentary forces during the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell

What was the Puritan movement?

A religious reform movement that wanted to purify the Church of England

What was the outcome of the Glorious Revolution?

The removal of James II and the accession of Mary II and William III