anatomy: chapter 17 + 18

the thoracic cage surrounds what

the lungs

the conducting division

the passages serve only for airflow, nostrils to bronchioles

is gas exchange happening in the conducting division?

no

respiratory division has

alveoli and gas exchange regions

upper respiratory tract parts

nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx

lower respiratory tract is the

trachea through lungs (bronchi and branches)

functions of airways

warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air

the nose detects

odors

what supports the nose

bone and cartilage

the nose amplifies the voice by a

resonating chamber

the nasal cavity consists of

conchae and meatuses

superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

has 3 folds of tissue on lateral wall and the mucous membranes are supported by thin scroll like bone

meatuses are what?

they are a narrow passage beneath each conchae

a meatuses narrowness and turbulence ensures ___?

air contracts mucous membranes

mucosa

lines the nasal cavity with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

defense role of mucosa

mucus from goblet cells traps inhaled particles and bacteria destroyed by lysozyme

respiratory epithelium generates what

saline and mucus

goblet cells and submucosal glands produce?

mucus

mucociliary escalator propels what away from the lungs?

trapped debris

3 parts of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

made of pseudostratified epithelium and recieves auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil

the superior portion of the pharynx is

the nasopharynx

oropharynx is made out of? where is it?

stratified squamous epithelium; the space between pallet and roof of tongue, inferiorly as far as hyoid bone, contains palatine and lingual tonsils

laryngopharynx is made out of? where is it?

stratified squamous epithelium; hyoid bone to cricoid cartilate

2 parts of larynx

glottis and epiglottis

glottis

superior opening of larynx

epiglottis

flap of tissue that guards glottis and directs food and drink to esophagus

larynx interior wall

has 2 folds on each side, vocal cords produce sound

larynx vestibular holds function

close glottis during swallowing

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

rotate the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages

intrinsic muscles of larynx effect on vocal cords

adducts (tightens = high pitch sound), abducts (loosens = low pitch sound)

trachea size

rigid tube 4.5 inches long and 2.4 inches in diameter anterior to esophagus

the trachea is supported by

16-20 C shaped cartilaginous rings that the opening of them face posteriorly towards the esophagus

the trachealis muscle spans opening in rings that adjusts __?

airflow by expanding or contracting

trachea is lined with

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium; mucociliary escalator

internal respiration is the exchange of what?

exchange of gasses between blood and tissues

internal respiration converts what into what

oxgenated blood into deoxygenated blood

internal respiration observe diffusion of O2 inward or outward

inward, at rest 25% of available O2 enters cell, during exercise more O2 is absorbed

internal respiration observe diffusion of CO2 inward or outward

outward

external respiration gasses diffuse from high to low or low to high

high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure

external respiration is the exchange of

gas between air and blood

what happens to deoxygenated blood in external respiration

it becomes saturated

during ventilation, air moves down or up its pressure gradient

down

individual gassed move down or up their concentration gradients

down

gas must be able to diffuse rapidly between what and what?

alveolar air and plasma

blood-air barrier is aided by

a thin respiratory membrane, limited basement membrane, and thin layer of water and surfactant

why is respiratory air flow similar to blood flow?

because both air and blood are fluids

gas is a compressible fluid that exerts what? and is measured by?

exerts pressure; measured in mmHg

atmospheric pressure at sea level

around 760 mmHg

Dalton’s Law

the total atmospheric pressure = the sum of the partial pressure of each gas

partial pressure depends on a gas’s ___?

abundance

partial pressure

the pressure of a single gas in a mixture

gasses move down/up pressure gradients?

down

movement of the thorax during breathing creates?

alternating high and low pressure in the lungs

Boyle’s law

pressure and volume are inversely related

boyle’s law: as volume increases, pressure ___? and as volume decreases, pressure __?

decreases, increases

inhalation increases or decreases lung volume

increases

exhalation increases or decreases lung volume

decreases

in the normal lung at rest, pleural fluid does what?

keeps the lung adhered to the chest wall

pneumothorax

if the sealed pleural cavity is opened to the atmosphere, air flows in; the bond holding the lung ot the chest wall is broken and the lung collapses creating a pneumothorax

pneumothorax means there is air in the __?

thorax

pulmonary gas exchange is between

blood and alveoli

transported of gasses in blood include?

hemoglobin and plasma

tissue gas exchange is and is between?

cellular respiration; between blood and tissues

ventilation is the exchange of air between the ?

atmosphere and lungs

inspiration is inhalation or exhalation

inhalation

expiration is inhalation or exhalation

exhalation

major functions of the respiratory system

exchange gases between atmosphere and blood, regulate pH, protect from pathogens and debris, vocalization

failure of the respiratory system causes

rapid cell death from O2 starvation

the respiratory system is for

gas exchange

the cardiovascular system transports?

gasses in blood

cells continually use what and release what?

use O2 and release CO2

anatomical dead space is

the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange; volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles but does not take part in the process of gas exchange

pleural sacs around the lung

* visceral membrane adheres to lung tissue
* parietal membrane adheres to intercostal surface

\

pleural sacs has serious fluid that does __

creates a slippery surface and creates tension between membranes

pleural cavity

* visceral pleura covers lungs
* pariteal pleura lines ribcage and covers upper surface of diaphragm

pleural cavity potential space is

between ribs and lungs

pleural sacs enclose the lungs and have

visceral and parietal layers (serous membranes); pleural cavity and fluid

pleural sacs functions

reduce friction, create a pressure gradient, compartmentalization that prevents spread of infection

lower or higher pressure assists in inflation of lungs

lower pressure

respiratory membrane

type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes type 1)

simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs

type II alveolar cells (septal cells or pneumocytes type 2)

free surface has microvilli; secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

alveolar macrophage (dust cells) are

wandering macrophages that remove debris

bronchi divide into ?

increasingly smaller branches

bronchi increase/decrease surface area and increase/decrease velocity

increase, decrease

primary bronchi on bronchial tree

arises from the trachea, after 2-3 cm enter lungs; right bronchus is slightly wider and more vertical

secondary bronchi on bronchial tree

branches into one secondary bronchus for each lobe; R lung has 3, L lung has 2

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

R lung has 10 segments, L lung 8 or 9

alveoli

in alveolar sacs, bud from alveolar ducts

alveolar ducts

end in alveolar sacs

bronchioles lack cartilage: true/false

true

bronchioles

* have layer of smooth muscle
* divides into 50-80 terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

have cilia, give off 2 or more respiratory bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts

pressure gradient

created by changes in volume of thoracic cavity

muscles involved in inspiration

diaphragm, scalenes and external intercostals, pectoralis minor, sternocleiodomastoid, and erector spinae muscles

how does the diaphgram muscle work in inspiration

contraction flattens diaphragm

how does the scalenes and external intercostal muscles work in inspiration

contract and pull ribs upward and out

how do the pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and erector spinae muscles work in inspiration

used in deep inspiration