HOA 2 Finals

Started in Britain, new machines and innovative processes helped change nations from agricultural to industrial ones

The Industrial Revolution

Where the Industrial Revolution is prevalent

Continental Europe and to North America

New type of worker

Wage laborer or Proletarian

Rendered obsolete by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785

Home-based cottage industries

Sprouted all over Britain where coal was available to fuel the engines,

Factories

Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms, combining native and foreign styles

Age of revivals

Use of newly available materials

Age of innovation

First used by Auguste Perret

Reinforced concrete

Railways and Transport Stations

Railways and Transport Stations

Took the place of aristocratic private collections of art

Museums

Commercial areas in Paris, London, Brussels

Department Stores

In the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages

Arts and Crafts Movement

Leaders of the Arts and Crafts Movement

Artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip Webb and writer John Ruskin

Greek revival & Greco Roman

Early Victorian

Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph Paxton

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The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol by Isambard Brunel

S. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes

Westminster New Palace, London by Sir Charles Barry

Spread of Gothic & Renaissance revival.

High Victorian

Symbolic figure in the High Victorian period

Sir George Gilbert Scott

The University Museum, Oxford by Benjamin Woodward

Liverpool Cathedral by Sir George Gilbert Scott

Principal mode of design called “Queen Anne” Style

Late Victorian

Heathcote, Ilkley, Yorkshire by Sir Edwin Lutyens

Tudor Cathedral, Cornwall by J. L. Pearson

Characterized by Neo – Ren.

July Monarchy

Characterized by High Neo – renaissance phase whose main features are the “mansard roof & pavilion roof”

Second Empire

Characterized by Neo – Baroque

Third Republic

Theater Francais, Paris by J.V. Louis

Library of S. Geneveve, Paris by Henry Labrouste

Eiffel Tower by Gustave Eiffel

An Art free from any historical style.

Art Noveau

The selection of elements from diverse styles for architectural decorative designs, different historical styles combined

Ecclecticism

Related or conforming to technical and architectural principles

Architectonic

Founded in a theory that the foremost quality of a bldg. should be truth. The discovery of “steel” was to allow these principles to be translated into reality

Realism

A movement founded by a group of Dutch painters, Architects, & abolishes all styles & liberate art from representation and individual expression

De Stijl Architecture

A revival or return to the principles of Greek or Roman Art & Arch

Classicism

The last phase of European Class, in the late 18th & 19th century characterized by monumentality, strict use of the orders & application of ornaments.

Neo – Classicism

Influenced by curtain wall, steel and plate glass, folded glass, flat slab, laminated timber, and functionalism in design

20th Century Modern

Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair and has studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's furniture department in 1924

Marcel Breuer

Town Hall of Saynatsalo by Alvar Aalto

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Finland Concert Hall, Helsinki

Whitney Museum of Art

UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris

Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington by Eero Saarinen

The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan

TWA Terminal, JF Kennedy Airport

Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of high-speed flight and even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and telephone booths harmonized with the curving “gull winged” shell

Sagrada Familia

Casa Mila

Casa Vicens

His career reflects the movement of art nouveau

Victor Horta

Maison Du Peuple (House of the people)

Tassel House, Rue de Turin, Brussels

He invented the term International Style and was responsible for the 1932 exhibition of modern architecture and the father of Post-Modernism

Philip Johnson

Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut

AT& T Bldg. N.Y.

Nagakin Capsule Tower, Bldg., Tokyo, Japan - Kisho Korukawa

He developed the “Concrete Mushroom Construction – (the technique involves a post & a mushroom top spreading from it that are one inseparable concrete unit)

Robert Maillart

Tavenasa Bridge

Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four years and functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete dominate his designs

Oscar Niemeyer

Parliament Building, Brasilia

Einstein Tower, Potsdam by Eric Mendelsohn

Falling Water, Pennsylvania

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY

Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated European scene for nearly half- a-century. He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" and the program for building a house should be set out with the same precision as that for building a machine

Le Corbusier

Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp

Villa Savoye at Poissy

The free facade, the corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane

Free Standing façade

Restoring, the area of ground covered by the house

Roof garden

The free plan, achieved through the separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls subdividing the space

Open planning

Elevating the mass off the ground

Cube form elevated on stilts or columns “pilotis”

Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for living” - a portable home inside from metal alloys and plastics and designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices in the center of the building, with living spaces around it, open to the arrangement tastes of the owner

Buckminster Fuller

The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal

Created prototype of modern architecture: freestanding glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka curtain wall

\- First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in 1918

\- Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to relate art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of modern life

Walter Gropius

The seminal figure in the development of tensile architecture

\- Veered away from the simple geometric solutions and built organic free forms that could respond to complex planning and structural requirements

Frei Otto

Munich Stadium for 1972 Olympic Games

“Less is more & God is in the details”

\- He believed that truth is beauty, expressed by the clarity of straight lines reflecting surfaces

\- More on skyscraper designs

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Chicago Convention Hall

Farnsworth House, Illinois

\- “Nothing that is not practical can be beautiful.”

\- Believed that the essential basis of all natural forms is geometries and the starting point for artistic creation is to be found only in Modern Life.”

Otto Wagner

Post Office Savings Bank Vienna