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Started in Britain, new machines and innovative processes helped change nations from agricultural to industrial ones
The Industrial Revolution
Where the Industrial Revolution is prevalent
Continental Europe and to North America
New type of worker
Wage laborer or Proletarian
Rendered obsolete by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
Home-based cottage industries
Sprouted all over Britain where coal was available to fuel the engines,
Factories
Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms, combining native and foreign styles
Age of revivals
Use of newly available materials
Age of innovation
First used by Auguste Perret
Reinforced concrete
Railways and Transport Stations
Railways and Transport Stations
Took the place of aristocratic private collections of art
Museums
Commercial areas in Paris, London, Brussels
Department Stores
In the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
Arts and Crafts Movement
Leaders of the Arts and Crafts Movement
Artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip Webb and writer John Ruskin
Greek revival & Greco Roman
Early Victorian
Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph Paxton
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol by Isambard Brunel
S. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
Westminster New Palace, London by Sir Charles Barry
Spread of Gothic & Renaissance revival.
High Victorian
Symbolic figure in the High Victorian period
Sir George Gilbert Scott
The University Museum, Oxford by Benjamin Woodward
Liverpool Cathedral by Sir George Gilbert Scott
Principal mode of design called “Queen Anne” Style
Late Victorian
Heathcote, Ilkley, Yorkshire by Sir Edwin Lutyens
Tudor Cathedral, Cornwall by J. L. Pearson
Characterized by Neo – Ren.
July Monarchy
Characterized by High Neo – renaissance phase whose main features are the “mansard roof & pavilion roof”
Second Empire
Characterized by Neo – Baroque
Third Republic
Theater Francais, Paris by J.V. Louis
Library of S. Geneveve, Paris by Henry Labrouste
Eiffel Tower by Gustave Eiffel
An Art free from any historical style.
Art Noveau
The selection of elements from diverse styles for architectural decorative designs, different historical styles combined
Ecclecticism
Related or conforming to technical and architectural principles
Architectonic
Founded in a theory that the foremost quality of a bldg. should be truth. The discovery of “steel” was to allow these principles to be translated into reality
Realism
A movement founded by a group of Dutch painters, Architects, & abolishes all styles & liberate art from representation and individual expression
De Stijl Architecture
A revival or return to the principles of Greek or Roman Art & Arch
Classicism
The last phase of European Class, in the late 18th & 19th century characterized by monumentality, strict use of the orders & application of ornaments.
Neo – Classicism
Influenced by curtain wall, steel and plate glass, folded glass, flat slab, laminated timber, and functionalism in design
20th Century Modern
Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair and has studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's furniture department in 1924
Marcel Breuer
Town Hall of Saynatsalo by Alvar Aalto
Finland Concert Hall, Helsinki
Whitney Museum of Art
UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris
Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington by Eero Saarinen
The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
TWA Terminal, JF Kennedy Airport
Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of high-speed flight and even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and telephone booths harmonized with the curving “gull winged” shell
Sagrada Familia
Casa Mila
Casa Vicens
His career reflects the movement of art nouveau
Victor Horta
Maison Du Peuple (House of the people)
Tassel House, Rue de Turin, Brussels
He invented the term International Style and was responsible for the 1932 exhibition of modern architecture and the father of Post-Modernism
Philip Johnson
Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut
AT& T Bldg. N.Y.
Nagakin Capsule Tower, Bldg., Tokyo, Japan - Kisho Korukawa
He developed the “Concrete Mushroom Construction – (the technique involves a post & a mushroom top spreading from it that are one inseparable concrete unit)
Robert Maillart
Tavenasa Bridge
Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four years and functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete dominate his designs
Oscar Niemeyer
Parliament Building, Brasilia
Einstein Tower, Potsdam by Eric Mendelsohn
Falling Water, Pennsylvania
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated European scene for nearly half- a-century. He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" and the program for building a house should be set out with the same precision as that for building a machine
Le Corbusier
Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
Villa Savoye at Poissy
The free facade, the corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane
Free Standing façade
Restoring, the area of ground covered by the house
Roof garden
The free plan, achieved through the separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls subdividing the space
Open planning
Elevating the mass off the ground
Cube form elevated on stilts or columns “pilotis”
Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for living” - a portable home inside from metal alloys and plastics and designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices in the center of the building, with living spaces around it, open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
Buckminster Fuller
The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
Created prototype of modern architecture: freestanding glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka curtain wall
- First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in 1918
- Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to relate art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of modern life
Walter Gropius
The seminal figure in the development of tensile architecture
- Veered away from the simple geometric solutions and built organic free forms that could respond to complex planning and structural requirements
Frei Otto
Munich Stadium for 1972 Olympic Games
“Less is more & God is in the details”
- He believed that truth is beauty, expressed by the clarity of straight lines reflecting surfaces
- More on skyscraper designs
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Chicago Convention Hall
Farnsworth House, Illinois
- “Nothing that is not practical can be beautiful.”
- Believed that the essential basis of all natural forms is geometries and the starting point for artistic creation is to be found only in Modern Life.”
Otto Wagner
Post Office Savings Bank Vienna
