(3) Nervous System

Nervous System

major control of homeostasis and the “main processing center”. It provides monitoring, response, and regulation of all systems in the human body and other organisms

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

Nervous System divided into two

Central Nervous System

made up of brain and the spinal cord. Act’s as the body's control center, and coordinates the body’s activities.

Peripheral Nervous System

has two parts. The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

focuses on the voluntary activities of the body

Autonomic Nervous System

focuses on the involuntary/automatic processes in the body. It has 2 parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Sympathetic

is in control in times of stress, such as flight or fight response.

Parasympathetic

controls the body in times of rest, or if you are relaxed or calm

Cerebrum

controls memory, intelligence, language, and conscious activites.

Cerebellum

muscle coordination is developed here, as well as the memory of physical skills.

Brain Stem

controls involuntary activities, such as heart rate and breathing.

Neuron

basic unit of the nervous system. Without this, the parts of the body cannot communicate with each other. It’s only a millimeter in length

Dendrites

receive messages from other cell

Axon

this is where the messages leaves

Terminal Buttons

this is the one that connects a neuron to another neuron

Synapse

a space between neurons

Action Potential

electrical signal traveling down the axon

Myelin Sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and help speed neuron impulses.

Sensory Neuron

connects sensory organs to the CNS

Motor Neurons

connects nervous system to the muscles

Interneurons/Relay Neurons

connects the sensory and motor neurons

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

helix, double standard, can be found inside the nucleus of a cell and cannot go outside of it

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

single standard, can go inside the nucleus but stays primarily in the cytoplasm

Nucleic Acid

a naturally occurring chemical compound that serves as the primary information, carrying molecules in cell and make up genetic materials

Deoxyribose

sugar of DNA

Ribose

sugar of RNA

Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine

4 nucleobases of DNA

Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine

4 nucleobases of RNA

A = T and G = C

pairings in DNA

A = U and G = C

pairings in RNA

Adenine and Guanine

called Purines

Thymine and Cytosine

called Pyrimidines

Central Dogma

it describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)

Protein Synthesis

process of making proteins

Proteins

are the “executor of cell life activities”. It’s made up of amino acids.

Amino Acids

building blocks of proteins

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

carries genetic codes from DNA to ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

consists of 80% of the total RNA in the body. It is found in ribosomes.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

2 identical DNA molecules are produced. However the process is semi-conservative.

Enzymes

molecules that speed up the state of chemical reaction

Helicase

an enzyme that unzips/separate the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

Primase

serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

DNA Polymerase

an enzyme that replicates DNA to build a new strand

Ligase

an enzyme which connects two strands of DNA together

RNA Transcription

coding region of the DNA that was replicated will be converted to mRNA. In here the mRNA will copy the information of DNA and will go out to the nucleus and go in the cytoplasm.

Translation

information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein

Codon

mRNA divided into groups of 3

Anticodon

tRNA divided into groups of 3