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Nervous System
major control of homeostasis and the “main processing center”. It provides monitoring, response, and regulation of all systems in the human body and other organisms
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Nervous System divided into two
Central Nervous System
made up of brain and the spinal cord. Act’s as the body's control center, and coordinates the body’s activities.
Peripheral Nervous System
has two parts. The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
focuses on the voluntary activities of the body
Autonomic Nervous System
focuses on the involuntary/automatic processes in the body. It has 2 parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Sympathetic
is in control in times of stress, such as flight or fight response.
Parasympathetic
controls the body in times of rest, or if you are relaxed or calm
Cerebrum
controls memory, intelligence, language, and conscious activites.
Cerebellum
muscle coordination is developed here, as well as the memory of physical skills.
Brain Stem
controls involuntary activities, such as heart rate and breathing.
Neuron
basic unit of the nervous system. Without this, the parts of the body cannot communicate with each other. It’s only a millimeter in length
Dendrites
receive messages from other cell
Axon
this is where the messages leaves
Terminal Buttons
this is the one that connects a neuron to another neuron
Synapse
a space between neurons
Action Potential
electrical signal traveling down the axon
Myelin Sheath
covers the axon of some neurons and help speed neuron impulses.
Sensory Neuron
connects sensory organs to the CNS
Motor Neurons
connects nervous system to the muscles
Interneurons/Relay Neurons
connects the sensory and motor neurons
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
helix, double standard, can be found inside the nucleus of a cell and cannot go outside of it
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
single standard, can go inside the nucleus but stays primarily in the cytoplasm
Nucleic Acid
a naturally occurring chemical compound that serves as the primary information, carrying molecules in cell and make up genetic materials
Deoxyribose
sugar of DNA
Ribose
sugar of RNA
Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine
4 nucleobases of DNA
Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine
4 nucleobases of RNA
A = T and G = C
pairings in DNA
A = U and G = C
pairings in RNA
Adenine and Guanine
called Purines
Thymine and Cytosine
called Pyrimidines
Central Dogma
it describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)
Protein Synthesis
process of making proteins
Proteins
are the “executor of cell life activities”. It’s made up of amino acids.
Amino Acids
building blocks of proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries genetic codes from DNA to ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
consists of 80% of the total RNA in the body. It is found in ribosomes.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
2 identical DNA molecules are produced. However the process is semi-conservative.
Enzymes
molecules that speed up the state of chemical reaction
Helicase
an enzyme that unzips/separate the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
Primase
serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
DNA Polymerase
an enzyme that replicates DNA to build a new strand
Ligase
an enzyme which connects two strands of DNA together
RNA Transcription
coding region of the DNA that was replicated will be converted to mRNA. In here the mRNA will copy the information of DNA and will go out to the nucleus and go in the cytoplasm.
Translation
information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein
Codon
mRNA divided into groups of 3
Anticodon
tRNA divided into groups of 3