Evodevo

Ernst Mayes fundamental principle of evo-devo and what is the mistake it highlights

Flashcard: Ernst Mayr's principle of evo-devo states that evolutionary changes occur through alterations in development. It highlights the mistake of assuming that evolution only happens through gradual changes in adult traits, overlooking the significance of developmental processes in shaping species' characteristics.

what is the tool kit paradox

if organisms are so similar where do differences come from? Answer….its in the way that you use them

what are the just so stories and how does carrol suggest evo-devo relates to them

what do modularity, homology and serials homology mean

Modularity refers to the organization of a system into separate functional units. Homology is the similarity in structure or function between different organisms due to shared ancestry. Serial homology is the repetition of similar structures along the body axis of an organism.

What is willistons law

General pattern of evolution involving serial homology through evolutionary time organisms that display serial homo tend toward a reduction in number and increase specialization

What is Punctuated equilibrium and who came up with this theory

Punctuated equilibrium: A theory in evolutionary biology that suggests species evolve rapidly in short bursts, followed by long periods of stability. Proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in 1972.

Who motivated Darwin to go to the tropics and name two other contemporaries that where similarly motivated

Flashcard: "Scientist known for the theory of evolution through natural selection. His work challenged prevailing beliefs about the origin of species and emphasized the importance of adaptation and survival. Alfred russle Wallace,

are cyclops real? How frequent are they? What species? And what causes of Cyclopia

Very common, found in sheep when they eat a plant while pregnant causing the baby to have facial deformities

What is teratogenic give an example in humans

Teratogenic: Substance or agent that causes birth defects or abnormalities in developing embryos or fetuses. Example in humans: Thalidomide, a drug prescribed to pregnant women in the 1950s and 1960s, resulted in severe limb deformities and other malformations in newborns.

Dividing a newt embryo in two what happens

Two newts form. This needs to happen during early gastrulation at a point where zygotic transcription is active causing rapid cellular development creating two separate embryos.

What is an organizer in biological term

The organizer is a group of cells that act as a coordinator via morphogenetic release telling cells what to do and where to go.

what is zone of polarizing activity and what does it do

Zone of polarizing activity: A region in developing vertebrate limbs that secretes a protein called Sonic hedgehog. This protein plays a crucial role in determining the pattern and identity of the limb structures, such as fingers and toes.

what did Bateson do for science

He was able to view animals as repeating patters of units and saw how repeating units where used to make these animals and found that the differences between animals was differences in number and kind. IE a snake and its many ribs

what is a homeotic mutant

A homeotic mutant is a genetic mutation that causes the transformation of one body part into another. It disrupts the normal development of an organism, resulting in the wrong placement or structure of body parts.

Are mutant monsters hopeful, hopeless, or helpful?

Mutant monsters are hopeless individuals but helpful for science

What is polydactyls and how frequent is it? Is it heritable?

Polydactyls: A condition where an organism has extra digits on their hands or feet. It is relatively frequent in cats, occurring in 20-50% of some populations. It is a heritable trait, passed down through genes.

What is the difference between homeotic and master genes

Homeotic genes determine the body plan and development of an organism, while master genes control the expression of multiple genes involved in a specific process.

What is enzyme induction

Process by which certain substances, called inducers, increase the production of specific enzymes in the body. This occurs when the inducers bind to regulatory regions of DNA, activating gene expression. Enzyme induction can lead to increased metabolism of drugs, toxins, or other substances, affecting their effectiveness and clearance from the body.

How does the transcriptional system that the lac repressor revealed/illustrates inform how biologists think about cell differentiation and how diverse and complex body plans are made

The repressor blocks the operon which promotes the b gal promoter. When othing is there transcription is blocked by the repressor but once it is bound the repressor falls off allowing for the expression of b-galctosidase. This allows scientists to see a complex pattern or regulatory switches that controls the body.

What are the two features of gene logic in e.coli that we will encounter over and over in this book

When the bacteria is in the presence of glucose no b-gal is found. B-gal is turned on via altos binding to the lac repressor which stops the inhibition of transcription of ba gal. The binding point then falls off causing translation to happen. Found by 3 French scientists during ww2

What is the basic genetics presented in chapter 3 useful?

Shows what HOX genes are as master control genes and what they mean as a master control gene and how they work with a homeodomain

difference between HOX genes , homeobox and the homeodomain

HOX genes: Group of genes that play a crucial role in controlling the body plan and development of organisms.

Homeobox: A short DNA sequence found within HOX genes, responsible for regulating gene expression and determining body pattern.

Homeodomain: A protein domain encoded by the homeobox, which binds to DNA and controls gene activity during development.

What is the significance of the fact that mice and frog homeodomains were similar at 59 out of 60 Amino acid positions?

It means that they are highly conserved domains to have almost a perfect replica across locations

) How many Hox gene clusters do the fly and mice have?

What happened when the mouse Small eye gene was expressed in strange places in the fly

Eyes formed in those strange locations such as eye tissue induced on the wings

What is the difference between Pax-6, eyeless, and Small eye?

Genes involved in eye development. Pax-6 is highly conserved and essential for eye formation in many species. Eyeless is a gene found in fruit flies that controls eye development. Small eye is a gene in mice that regulates eye growth. These genes play crucial roles in eye development across different organisms.

What genes control appendages

Distal-less

Difference between pax 6 and small eye

Pax6 can cause formation of new eyes while small eye causes reduction or elimination of eyes.

What do fly and human heart development have in common

They both depend on tinaman

What do pax6, tin man, and distalless have in common

each of these proteins contains a homeodomain that tells us they are all DNA binding proteins

Is the saying that “there are many roads that lead to Rome” true in evolution as in daily affairs? Who said that?

Ernst Mayr. It is true as their are many avenues in evolution that lead to the same or similar results such as homologous genes.

What does holoprosencephaly mean?

What does holoprosencephaly mean?

A developmental disorder where the brain fails to divide into two hemispheres properly, leading to facial abnormalities and intellectual disabilities.

)What is the connection between cyclopamine, Sonic hedgehog and cancer?

Cyclopamine inhibits the Sonic hedgehog pathway, which plays a crucial role in cancer development. By blocking this pathway, cyclopamine can potentially halt tumor growth and progression.