AP BIO UNIT 1 REVIEW

(QUIZLET IMPORTED)

active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a substrate during a reaction

allosteric site

The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active

amino acid

monomer of protein

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

carbohydrate

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for living organisms

carbon

element that makes up living things; forms many bonds

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.

dissacharide

A molecule made of two monosaccharides.

hydrogen bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

hydrophilic

Attracted to water

hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

ion

A charged atom

lipid

macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

macromolecule

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

nonpolar molecule

molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends

nucleic acid

macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

organic molecule

A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

substrate

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

surface tension

the cohesive force at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating

specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celcius

hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

hydrophilic

Attracted to water

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

polysaccharide

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

elements in carbohydrates

CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio

elements in lipids

CHO

elements in proteins

CHON

elements in nucleic acids

CHONP

saturated fatty acids

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

unsaturated fatty acids

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

R group

a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.

protein primary structure

amino acid sequence

protein secondary structure

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine; nitrogen bases containing one ring

purines

Adenine and Guanine; nitrogen bases containing a double-ring structure

noncompetitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

competitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.

Compound

Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

*Characteristics different than those of its elements

CHON

4 elements essential to life

Trace Elements

Required by an organism only in minute quantities.

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.

Subatomic particles

Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.

Proton

One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.

Electron

One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.

Atomic Nucleus

Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.

Neutrons

Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.

Atomic Number

The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral

Mass Number

Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.

Isotopes

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element.

Radioactive Isotope

One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.

Energy

Capacity to cause change

Potential Energy

Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.

Electron Shells

Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell.

Chemical Bonds

The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.

Covalent Bond

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Single Bond

One pair of shared electrons.

Structural Formula

H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.

Double Bond

Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.

Valence

Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.

Electronegativity

The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.

Polar Covalent Bond

Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.

Ionic Bonds

The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.

Ion

A charged atom.

Cation

A positively charged atom.

Anion

A negatively charged atom.

Ionic Compounds

Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.

Hydrogen Bond

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

van der Waals Interactions

Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.

Molecular Shape

Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.

Reactants

The starting materials of a chemical reaction.

Products

The resulting material of a chemical reaction.

Chemical Equilibrium

The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.

organic chemistry

The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).

carbon

this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

hydrocarbon

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

isomer

One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.

structural isomer

One or several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. (DIFFERENT SHAPE)

geometric isomer

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT)

enantiomer

One or two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. (MIRROR IMAGE)

estradiol

A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals.

testosterone

Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.

functional groups

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.