US 1 Mid Term Review

Chapters 1-9

Paleo-Indians

Generally considered to be the first Americans

Chinese inventions

Among papers, seismographs, and wood blocks for printing

Marco Polo

European traveler who described China in great detail during the 1400’s

Muslim scholars

Advanced knowledge on math, concept of 0, and improved quality of mapmaking

Leif Eriksson

Didn’t get as much credit as Columbus. Evidence shows he landed almost 500 years before.

Crusades

Wars that saw Christian soldiers attempt to drive Muslims out of Jerusalem

Renaissance

14th-16th century period in European history that saw an increase in learning and creativity

Magna Carta

Famous document signed by King John of England of any Catholic similarities

Isabella of Castile

Late 15th century Spanish monarch who led efforts to drive Muslims out of Spain, in hopes of making a Catholic only empire

Reconquista

Name of a long violent effort to rid Spain of all Muslims

Vasco da Gama

Sailing for Portugal. Reached India in 1498

Christopher Columbus

Sailed for Spain, although Italian, was the “admiral of the Ocean Sea”

Ferdinand Magellan

He conquered the Aztecs of present day Mexico

Hernan Cortes

Took over the Aztec Empire

Fountain of Youth

Ponce De Leon was trying to find this in Florida

St. Augustine

The oldest European established city in North America

Royal Orders for New Discoveries

Spanish priests were commanded by them to provide certain services in their New World colonies

Vaquero

Skilled horsemen in the Spanish colonies

John Cabot

Italian sailor who claimed as much land in North America for England

Francis Drake

Knighted on a boat by the Queen, even though he was a pirate

Spanish Armada

Name of the mighty Spanish naval fleet

Martin Luther

German priest that started the Protestant Reformation

Northwest Passage

Many English and French explorers tried to find this in Asia

Lost Colony

Happened to a mysterious English colony off the coast of Virginia/North Carolina

Jamestown

Chesapeake colony settlers named after their King

Pilgrims

Passengers of the Mayflower that landed near Cape Cod in 1620

Puritans

Wanted to try and get rid of the Church of England of any Catholic similarities

Mayflower Compact

An agreement made by passengers on this boat before they hit the rock at Plymouth.

William Bradford

Colonial governor of Plymouth, Massachusetts after arriving on the Mayflower

John Winthrop

Major Puritan figure that helped find Massachusetts Bay Colony in hopes of establishing a “city upon a hill”

Roger Williams

A minister who believed in strict separation of Church and state. 1636 founded a settlement Province, Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan who founded refuge in Rhode Island after refusing to follow the New England way

Tobacco

Fueled the economy and remained the most valuable export of the colony for many years

Nathaniel Bacon

Didn’t refuse against the War against all Indians in the Chesapeake’s

Qualers

Members of a protestant sect that rejected wealth and clergy as early as 1688

The Holy Experiment

Led by William Penn, Pennsylvania attracted thousands of poor immigrants

William Pitt

Wartime political leader of Britain. The youngest Prime Minister at age 24.

Proclamation of 1763

Prevented settlers to move west of the Appalachians

Stamp Act

Placed a tax on all printed materials

Sons of Liberty

Started in Boston that promised independence

Samuel Adams

The main leader of the Sons of Liberty from Britain

Quartering Act

This act forced colonists to provide living expenses for British soldiers in their homes

Intolerable Acts

The colonists referred to the Coercive Acts by this name instead

Tea Act

Caused the price of tea to go down

George Washington

He was given command of the Continental Army

Olive Branch Petition

Last attempt at peace prior to the Revolutionary War

*Common Sense*

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine

Declaration of Independence

The appointed five-person committee to draft before voting on Richard Henry Lee’s proposal, that “these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states,"

Battle at Trenton

Precented by Washington’s crossing of the Delaware River

Battle of Saratoga

This battle is considered the “Turning Point” of the Revolutionary War

Battle at Yorktown

The battle here more or less ended the Revolutionary War

Constitutional Amendments

There have been 27 of these to the Constitution

Daniel Shays

Led a rebellion that showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

Federalists

The political party that favored ratification of the Constitution

Great Compromise

Developed by Roger Sherman to settle dispute between large and small states

John Locke

English political philosopher developed theory on “natural rights”

Judicial Branch Powers

This branch interpreted constitutionally of laws

Northwest Territiories

This territory included future states Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio

Presidential Authority Restrictions

Impeachment

Rhode Island and Ratification

Last state to ratify Constitution

Roger Sherman

Proposed a two-house legislature that allows equal representation in each state (Great Compromise)

Separation of Powers

Prevents any branch from becoming too strong

The Federalists

Papers written to answer criticisms made by Anti-Federalists

Virginia Plan

By Edmund Randolph, called for a 1 house legislature

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments are also known by this name

Fourth Amendment

Protects against illegal “searches and seizures”

Sixth Amendment

Provides for a “speedy trial”

Seventh Amendment

Guaranteed a “trial by jury”

Whisky Rebellion

This rebellion was attempted by West Pennsylvanian farmers who were upset by a new tax

Reign of Terror

Occurred in France

Impressment

British policy that was the main cause of the War of 1812

Aaron Burr

Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel with ____

Marbury v. Madison

Gave the court its powers

Sacagawea

Native American who provided help to Lewis and Clark on their Western journey

Non-Intercourse Act

Prohibited U.S trade with Britain and France when valued U.S exports fell from 108-22M

Battle of New Orleans

Huge battle victory for the USA in 1815

Francis Scott Key

Witness to a battle at Fort McHenry leading to the “Star Spangled Banner”

Hartford Convention

This convention here was planned to consider New England states leaving the USA during the War of 1812

Era of Good Feelings

A brief period of time following the War of 1812 where political harmony was maintained

Monroe Doctrine

A warning that the U.S would defend American nations from further European attempts to colonize.

Nationalism

National pride and loyalty that increased after the Battle of New Orleans

Rush-Bagot Agreement

An agreement between the U.S and Great Britain that set limits for the number of warships, permitted in Great Lakes.

Eli Whitney

The first person to develop the “interchangeable parts” to firearms. Invented the cotton gin.

Robert Fulton

He was the designer of the steam engine for ships that provide for two way traffic on the Mississippi and other major rivers

Henry Clay

Was the architect of the Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise

An agreement that permitted one free state and one slave state to enter the Union

“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”

Campaign slogan used by William Henry Harrison during the 1840 Presidental race

Indian Removal Act

Found Native Americans to resettle from the Southeast U.S to Oklahoma territory

John C. Calhoun

He is most associated with the Doctrine of Nullification

Whigs

They were a political party that was anti-Jackson, referring to him as “King Andrew” because he was so bossy

Mid 1800’s Irish Immigrants

They came to escape discrimination, hunger, and poverty there. Settled mostly in Northeast city slums

German Immigrants

Arrived mostly during the mid-1800’s for economic and political reasons. Many went on to become mid-west farmers, with most coming for greater economic opportunities.

Effect of Market Revolution

The biggest was the decrease in the cost for manufactured goods

New Orleans (1860)

It was then the nation’s most prosperous export center

Gullah

An African-American dialect

Lowell Girls

Factory girls in Massachusetts that provided cheaper labor, lived in company owned boarding houses, and were almost always single

Antebellum

Time period preceding the Civil War

John Deere

He designed a strong, but fairly lightweight, steel plow

Know Nothings

This was another name for the American Party

Nat Turner

Led a violent slave revolt in 1831, Virginia