AP Human Geography Ultimate Guide

place

A specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places

sequent occupancy

the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history

relative scale/scale of analysis

the level of aggregation, or in other words, the level at which you group things together for examination

formal regions

areas of space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity

functional/nodal regions

areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin

vernacular regions

An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity

absolute location

a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude

relative location

the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature

site

the physical characteristics of a place

situation

the place’s interrelatedness with other places

distance decay

the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place

friction of distance

movement incurs some form of cost, in the form of physical effort, energy, time; costs are proportional to the distance traveled

Space-Time Compression

this refers to the set of processes (new tech, communication) that cause the relative distances between places to grow smaller.

cluster

things are grouped together on the Earth’s surface

scattered pattern

objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed

linear pattern

straight line

sinous pattern

wavy line

mental map

the cognitive image of landscape in the human mind

large-scale map

Zoomed in map; more detail

small-scale map

Zoomed out map; less detail

Thematic Maps

this map displays spatial patterns and relationships between them (aloschoropleth maps)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

this system incorporates one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping

Global Positioning System (GPS)

this system utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal; shows exactly where you are

political regions

boundaries are finite and well-defined (country)

spatial analysis

the mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns

choropleth map

a thematic map that expresses the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations

isoline map

a map that calculates data values between points across a variable surface (color blending)

dot density map

a map that uses dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature

flow-line map

a map that uses lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern

cartograms

a map that distorts size based on value of variable

map projection

creates different levels of accuracy in terms of size and shape distortion for different parts of the Earth

Robinson projection

Most used projection, curved edges, distorts all parts of globe, not useful for navigation.

aerial photographs

images of the Earth from an aircraft, printed on film, but digital camera usage is on the increase

remote-sensing satellites

satellites that use a computerized scanner to record data from the Earth’s surface (remote areas)

Goode’s homolosine projection

Type of projection, Cuts out pieces of world, keeps accurate size, not useful for navigation.

Mercator Projection

Map projection that distorts poles of the globe, map of Europe look more powerful

Relative Distance

Direction that can be described as a position (left)

Absolute Distance

Direction that can be measured with standard units of length

Reference Map

Shows geographical data, oceans, cities, borders, roads, ect

Spatial Patterns

The placement of objects on Earth’s surface and the space between the objects

Globalization

how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.

Interdependence

dependent on one another in some way

Culture Ecology

The study of interactions between societies and their local environments

Environmental Determinism

theory that environment causes social development or the idea that natural environment influences people

Environmental Possibilism

theory that people can adjust or overcome an environment.

Males

\________ are always on the left of the pyramid and females are on the right.

death rates

Birth and \________ converge to result in limited population growth and population decline.

Negative RNI

\________ means the population has shrunk.

phase of development

The \________ is directly followed by a stabilization of population growth as the procreation rates decline.

CBR

Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000

Green Revolution

this revolution resulted in (increased food and nutrition) and access to sanitation, education, and health care

CDR

Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000

reduced fecundity

when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative

Zero population growth (ZPG) (RNI of 0.0 percent)

birth rates reach the same level as death rates

interregional, or internal, migrants

those who move from one region of the country to another

transnational migration

occurs when migrants move from one country to another

forced migration

people may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement

undocumented immigrants

people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization

amnesty programs

these types of programs allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation

step migration

occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place

chain migration

occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold

life-course changes

when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives**

rate of natural increase (RNI); natural increase rate (NIR)

the annual percentage of population growth of that country for that one-year period

doubling time

how long it would take for a country to double in size

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45)

replacement rate

a TFR of 2.1

dependency ratio

provides the number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the work force

demographic transition model (DTM)

a theory of how population changes over time and provides insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

a model that specifically accounts for development due to the increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances

Stage One (DTM)

historically characterized by pre-agricultural societies engaged in subsistence farming and transhumance; fluctuating birth and death rates

Stage Two (DTM)

typically agriculturally based economies; high birth rates; declining death rates

Stage Three (DTM)

historically where most “industrialized” or manufacturing-based countries were found in the transition; birth and death rates decline due to urbanization

NIC countries

characterized by economies that focus on manufacturing as the primary form of economic production and employment

Stage Four & Five (DTM)

service industries like finance, insurance, real estate, health care, and communications that drive the economy; birth and death rates converge to result in limited population growth and population decline

zero population growth (ZPG)

birth rates reach the same level as death rates (RNI of 0.0 percent)

Malthusian Theory

states that the global population would one day expand to the point where it could not produce enough food to feed everyone

Reasons Neo-Malthusians warn that a Malthusian catastrophe could still occur:

Sustainability 2. Increasing Per Capita Demand 3. Natural Resource Depletion

population pyramids

graphical way to visualize the population structure of a country or place as well as the gender and age distribution of the population

arithmetic density

the number of people per square unit of land

physiologic density

the number of people per square unit of farmland

population center

found by averaging the spatial weight of population across the country

overpopulation

too much population; a major concern both in resource-poor regions and across the globe

migrants

those who voluntarily move from location to location

internal/interregional migrants

those who move from one region of the country to another

transnational migration

occurs when migrants move from one country to another

forced migration

people who may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement

undocumented immigrants

people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization

amnesty programs

programs that allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation

step migration

occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place

chain migration

occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold

life-course changes

when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives

push factors

specific things about the rural agricultural landscape and livelihood that force people off the farm (ex: armed conflict, environmental pollution, increased land costs)

pull factors

specific things about cities that draw people to the urban landscape (ex: job opportunities, medical care, education, service access, entertainment)

20th century

Modern means architecture developed during the \________ that expresses geometric, ordered forms.

main prayer

Almost all mosques are built on an angle that places the \________ area toward Mecca.

small number

There are a(n) \________ of major language families represented by the early or prehistoric language roots.

Temples

\________ in Southeast Asia tend to have several towers with thin pointed spires that point outward at an angle.

Koran and Hadith

Not all Middle- Eastern states are republics or monarchies that abide by Sharia, or Islamic law, based on the \________.