anaphy finals

reproductive system

• Consists of organs which enable reproduction

• Includes internal organ and external genitalia

• Produces reproductive cells, hormones, and other substances needed for reproduction

testes

• Male gonads

• Organs found outside the body

• Function: Produce sperm cells and a hormone (testosterone)

sperm cells

undergo maturation in the testis

sperm

Fluids produced in the glands inside your body and sperm cells form

seminiferous tubules

form sperm

leydig cells

• Interstitial cells

• Produce androgens (ex. Testosterone, ABP)

glans penis, prepuce 

external structures of the penis 

prepuce

foreskin of the penis

circumcision

no verifiable health benefit

penis

• Tubular organ

• Function: used to place sperm inside a female

• Composed of three layers of spongy erectile tissue

blood from arteries

During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue fills with

erection

Caused by the engorgement of the penis with blood

scrotum 

Keeps testicular temperature cooler than the body cavity

semen

• thick, yellowish, and alkaline

• It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins

seminal vesicle

• A pair of glands that secrete a liquid component of semen into the vas deferens

• Secretion: alkaline

• Contains fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandin

prostate gland

• surrounds and opens into the urethra where it leaves the bladder

• Secretion: slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm and prevents them from sticking together

over 40

Prostate problems are common in males aged

prostate cancer

one of the most common cancers in men

bulbourethral gland

• paired glands that lie beneath the prostate

• Secretion: a thick, clear alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra

• Function: it acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculating semen – raises pH; neutralizes acidity of urine

cowper’s gland

bulbourethral gland is also known as

ejaculation

Propels sperm from the epididymis to the vas deferens

ejaculatory duct

Each vas deferens joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form

2-5 ml of semen

ejaculate of males

bulbourethral fluid

• also carries some sperm released before ejaculation

• This is one of the reasons why the withdrawal method of birth control has a high failure rate

vas deferens

Run from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder

sperm ducts

• Tubes connecting testis to urethra

• Function: transport sperm to the urethra

urethra

• Connecting tubes

• Function: brings sperm and urine outside the body at different times

two million

immature egg cells female are born with

egg cells, hormones progesterone and estrogen

produced in the ovaries

fallopian tubes 

• Two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus

• Function: transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus

oviducts, uterine tubes, salpinges

fallopian tubes are also known as

fimbria

Fringe of tissue near the ovary leading to the fallopian tubes

gentle, sweeping motion 

When ovulation is about to occur, the sex hormones activate the fimbria, causing it to hit the ovary in a

ovary

• Female gonads

• Located on either side of the fallopian tubes

• Function: produce eggs (exocrine function), and secrete hormones (endocrine system)

uterus

• Where the fetus develops during pregnancy

• Accepts a fertilized ovum, which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose

fertilized ovum

becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth

pelvis

Due to this anatomical barriers, the uterus is pushed partially into the abdomen due to its expansion during pregnancy

a kilogram

Even in pregnancy, the mass of a human uterus amounts to only about

cervix

• The opening from the vagina into the womb

• Allows menstrual blood exit and sperm in

bladder

A pouch or other flexible enclosure with waterproof or gasproof walls

1-1.5 inches long

urethra in females

urethra

Opens in the vulva between the clitoris and the vaginal opening

vagina

• Muscular tube

• Function: where the sperms are deposited

birth canal

vagina is also known as

fetus

During live birth, the vagina provides the route to deliver this from the uterus to its independent life outside the body of mother

vulva

• The external genital organs of the female

• In humans, it consists of the labia majora and labia minora, clitoris, opening of the urethra, and the opening of the vagina

clitoris

• Female sexual organ

• In humans, the visible knob-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the vagina

spotted hyena

• The clitoris does not contain the distal portion of the urethra and functions solely to induce sexual pleasure

• The only known exception to this is in the ___, where the urogenital system is modified so that the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris

• Period in human development where a child begins the process of sexual maturation

• Series of physical changes over several years

• Results in the development of secondary sex characteristics

• Independence

• Social interaction

• Self identity

• Interest in the opposite sex

puberty is a stage that has a great effect in a child’s social and emotional development which includes

• acne, pimples, body odor

• Affects moods

hormones have physical and emotional effects which includes

• Hair growth in armpits and private parts

• Broader chest and larger breasts

• Uterus enlarges, mature egg cells are released

• Menstruation begins

changes in females during puberty 

• Facial hair, armpit hair, and hair in private parts

• Voice box enlarges and voice deepens

• Penis and testis increase in size

• Sperm production begins

changes in males during puberty 

menstrual cycle 

• Release of blood and tissue of a female through the vagina

• Has two phases

phase 1

14 days; starts with menstruation and ends during ovulation

phase 2

14 days; starts after ovulation

uterine lining

• When menstruation ends, the ___ grows and thickens in preparation for pregnancy

• Several eggs start to mature in the ovary

• The ovary releases a hormone that will trigger the start of ovulation

menstruation

• Uterine lining starts to thicken further with blood vessels

• If no pregnancy, the level of hormone drop causing the breakdown of the uterine lining

• This causes ___

• This is also the first sign of puberty in females

• Breast development

• External genitalia growth

• Bone growth

• Fat deposition

• Increase protein anabolism

• Decrease blood cholesterol

• Facilitate calcium uptake

• Promotes hydration of skin

• Feminizes brain

effects of estrogen

menopause

• Cessation of ovarian and menstrual cycles

• Due to ovaries decreased responsiveness to gonadotropins

46 and 54

menopause usually occurs between ages 

• Changes in sexual desire

• Triggers mood swings

• Causes debilitating hot flashes

• May lead to bone and heart problems

• Short-term memory loss

• Insomnia

effects of menopause

• Irregular menstrual cycle

• Tissue growth outside the uterus

• Hormonal imbalances

common disorders of the reproductive system in females 

irregular menstrual cycle

Caused by failure to ovulate or blocked fallopian tubes

• impotence

• low sperm count (>20Mil/ml of semen)

common disorders of the reproductive system in males

• smoking

• alcohol

• drug consumption

Disorders in the reproductive system may be caused by lifestyle factors such as

impotence

Inability to have sexual intercourse

• Wash private parts daily to get rid of bacteria

• Avoid wearing tight pants or underwear as they can cause skin irritation, heat to build up in the groin area

• Avoid using perfumed soaps and toilet papers

• Have regular medical checkups

Cre for the reproductive system

increase in population

application of reproduction

artificial inseminations, embryo transfer

These methods are used for breeding cows, chickens, etc.

Improves food production for the human population