SAAT Biology Section 1 Vocabulary (Fundamentals of Biology) - تحصيلي

Cell

The fundamental unit of life, and that all living things are composed of one or more cells or secreted products of those cells

Main characteristics of a the living organisms

Organization, growth, organization, reproduction, needs energy, respond to stimuli, maintain internal equilibrium, adaptation

Growth

Leads to the increase of mass and size of the living organisms

Response

The response to an internal or external stimulant

Hypothesis

An idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentations; testable predictions

Alexander Fleming

He thought that fungi kills bacteria

Alexander Fleming’s thought of fungi and bacteria

Hypothesis — experiment → theory

Dependent variable

Represents the output or effect or is tested to see if it is the effect

Independent variable

Represents the inputs or causes

Linnaeus

Developed the scientific naming system that is still used today based on shale and behaviors

Taxonomy

The science of naming and classifying organisms

A taxon

A group of organisms in a classification system

Binomial nomenclature

A two-part scientific naming system

Binomial nomenclature rules

Uses Latin words,

Scientific names always written in italics,

Two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

Genus

Includes one or more physically similar species

Species in the same genus

Are thought to be closely related and able to reproduce

Rule for genus name

To always be capitalized

Species descriptor

The second part of a scientific name and always lowercase, always follows genus name, never written alone

Armadillidium genus

Roly-poly, pill bug, sow bug, potato bug

Armadillidium genus species

Vulgare

Taraxcum genus

Dandelion, Irish daisy, lion’s tooth

Taraxcum genus species

Officinale

Passer genus

House sparrow, English sparrow

Passer genus species

Domesticus

Puma genus

Mountain lion, cougar, puma

Puma genus species

Concolor

Acer genus

Red maple, scarlet maple, swamp maple

Acer genus species

Rebrum

Species

Canis lupis

Genus

Canis

Family

Canidae

Order

Carnivora

Class

Mammalia

Phylum

Chordata

Kingdom

Animalia

The current tree of life

Three domains, six kingdoms

Domain archaea

Includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea

Cell walls

Chemically different from bacteria (peptidoglycan)

Archaea are known

For living in extreme environments (halphiles-acidophiles-thermophiles…etc)

Causes of infection

Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions

Pathogen

Any disease causing agents

What a virus is made of

DNA or RNA and a protein coat

Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions characteristics

Non-living pathogen and can infect many organisms

Viroid

Made only of a single-stranded RNA which causes disease in plants

Viruses structure

Genetic material and a capsid (protein coat)

Lytic infection

Causes the host cell to burst

Lysogenic infection

Does no immediate harm

Examples of viral infections

HCV, AIDS, herpes, influenza, common cold

Prion

Made up of only proteins

What prions cause

Misfolding of other proteins

Prion results

Results in diseases of the brain EX Krutzfelt Jacob and cow madness

Bacteria and archaea

Both single celled prokaryotes

Prokaryotes can be grouped by

Their need for oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Are poisoned by oxygen

Obligate aerobes

Need oxygen

Facultative aerobes

Can live with or without oxygen

Common forms of bacteria

Lactobacilli, enterococci, and spirochaera

Lactobacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

Enterococci

Spherical shaped bacteria

Spirochaeta

Spiral shaped bacteria

Bacteria and archaea similar structure

Plasmid, flagellum, and pili

Prokaryotes

Exchange genes during conjugation

Bacteria may survive

By forming endospores

Where prokaryotes live

The digestive systems of animals

What prokaryotes do in the digestive system

Make vitamins (E. Coli), break down food, fill niches, yogurt, cheese and pickles

Bioremediation using prokaryotes

To break down pollutants