Scientific Practice of Psychology Notes

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31 Terms

1

Descriptive Research

Research aimed at describing reality using techniques such as surveys and naturalistic observation.

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2

Survey

A technique for gathering generalizable data from a population, though results may be affected by dishonesty and wording issues.

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3

Observer Bias

A phenomenon where the observer's expectations influence the outcome of an observation.

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4

Observer Effect

When subjects change their behavior because they are being watched.

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5

Case Study

An in-depth exploration of an unreplicable situation.

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6

Scientific Method

A systematic method of observing and experimenting to justify a hypothesis.

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7

Hypothesis

A specific prediction derived from a theory, outlining expected relationships between variables.

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8

Falsifiable

A hypothesis must be able to be proven wrong.

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9

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for evidence that confirms one's beliefs.

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10

Operational Definition

A clear statement of the procedures used to measure behaviors or qualities.

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11

Biological Perspective

Focuses on how the body and brain enable human emotions and behaviors.

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12

Cognitive Perspective

Views human behavior as a result of information processing.

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13

Psychodynamic Perspective

Emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on behavior.

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14

Humanistic Perspective

Highlights personal growth and the influence of self-concept.

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15

Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on learning through stimuli, rewards, and punishments.

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16

Sociocultural Perspective

Examines behavior in a social context, influenced by culture and norms.

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17

Evolutionary Perspective

Investigates how behavior has adapted through natural selection.

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18

Experimental Method

The only research method that investigates cause and effect relationships.

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19

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment, influenced by the independent variable.

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20

Population

All individuals who could potentially participate in a study.

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21

Random Assignment

A method ensuring that participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any experimental group.

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22

Confounding Variables

Extraneous factors that might affect the outcome of an experiment.

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23

Single-Blind Study

An experiment where participants do not know which group they belong to.

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24

Double-Blind Study

An experiment where neither the participants nor the researchers know group assignments.

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25

Placebo Effect

Changes in participants' behavior due to their expectations, rather than any actual treatment.

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26

Correlational Research

A research method that shows the relationship between two variables without manipulating them.

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27

Correlation Coefficient

A statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

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28

Directionality Problem

A situation in correlational research where it is unclear which variable causes the other.

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29

Meta-Analysis

A study that synthesizes findings from several independent studies on the same topic.

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30

Outliers

Data points that are significantly different from other observations.

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31

Bimodal Distribution

A probability distribution with two distinct peaks or modes.

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