Middle School Science Bowl

Pascal (unit for)

Pressure, Stress

Joule (unit for)

Energy, Work, Heat

Watt (unit for)

Power

Newton (unit for)

Force, Weight

Tesla (unit for)

Magnetic Field

Henry (unit for)

Inductance

Coulomb (unit for)

Electric Charge

Volt (unit for)

Voltage

Farad (unit for)

Electric Capacitance

Siemens (unit for)

Electrical Conductance

Weber (unit for)

Magnetic Flux

Ohm (unit for)

Electric Resistance

Lux (unit for)

Illuminance

Lumen (unit for)

Luminous Flux

Becquerel (unit for)

Radioactivity

Gray (unit for)

Absorbed Dose

Sievert (unit for)

Equivalent Dose

Hertz (unit for)

Frequency

Katal (unit for)

Catalytic Activity

skeleton

the internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape

vertebrae

backbone (26 bones)

joint

the point of connection between two bones

ligaments

tissue that connects bone to bone

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone.

spongy bone

part of bone with many small pores or spaces

marrow

connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones

cartilage

tough, flexible connective tissue

osteoporosis

a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

involuntary muscles

muscles that you cannot control

voluntary muscles

muscles that you are able to control

skeletal muscles

the muscles attached to bones that enable you to move

tendon

strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

cardiac muscle

muscle tissue found only in the heart

striated

marked with parallel bands; grooved

epidermis

the outermost layer of the skin and the only layer in direct contact with the outside enviorment.

melanin

a pigment that gives the skin its color

dermis

second layer of skin, holding blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles

pores

openings on the surface of the skin used by the sweat glands

follicles

Structure in the dermis of the skin from which a strand of hair grows

Renewable resource

A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed

Nonrenewable resource

Source of energy that CANNOT replenish itself nearly as fast as it is consumed

Nuclear energy

The process of creating electricity through the fission of atoms

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

Nuclear fission

A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

Nuclear Waste

Radioactive waste material produced by nuclear power plants

Fuel Rods

A cylindrical tube that encloses nuclear fuel within a nuclear reactor.

Control Rods

Neutron-absorbing material that is inserted or removed to control the rate of nuclear fission, located in the core of a nuclear reactor

Boiler

The part of a power plant that converts thermal energy given off by the fuel into kinetic energy of pressurized steam

Containment Building

A safety feature of nuclear power plants that provides an additional line of defense against any accidental leak of radiation.

Uranium

The most massive naturally occurring element that is used to undergo fission.

Class Gastropoda

Part of the phylum Mollusca. It includes animals such as slugs and snails.

Class Bivalvia

Part of the Phylum Mollusca. It includes animals such as clams, oysters, and scallops.

Class Cephalopoda

Part of the Phylum Mollusca. It includes animals such as nautilus, squids, and octopi.

Subphyla Urochordata

Part of the Phylum Chordata. It includes animals such as sea squirts.

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Part of the Phylum Chordata. It includes organisms such as lancelets.

Subphylum Uniramia

It is a subphylum of the phylum Chordata. It includes organisms such as insects, millipedes, and centipedes.

Subphylum Chelicerata

It is a subphylum of the phylum Arthropoda. It encompasses organisms such as arachnids, spiders, and horseshoe crabs.

Subphylum Crustacea

It is a subphylum of the phylum Arthopoda. It encompasses organisms such as shrimps, lobsters, crabs, crayfish, barnacles, and pill bugs.

Diaphragm

The main muscle used for breathing. IT seperates the chest and the abdominal cavities.

Epiglottis

A flab of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea, or windpipe, during swallowing

trachea

The wind pipe.

alveoli

Any of the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. They are shaped like grapes and there are millions of them!

Larynx

The vocal cords are located in the

The right lung

The larger lung

The left lung

The smaller lung

Red Blood Cells

blood cells containing hemoglobin that carry oxygen through the bloodstream

1/5 or 20%

The fraction/percentage of oxygen in air.

Carbon Dioxide

The waste product of respiration which is removed from the body via the blood stream at the alveoli sacs and is breathed out.

Essential Characteristics of Minerals

1. It must occur naturally.

2. It must be inorganic.

3. It must be a solid.

4. It must possess an orderly internal structure.

5. It must have a definite chemical composition that may vary within specified limits.

What is Crystalline Structure?

A continuous ordered arrangement of one or more elements.

What is a silicate?

Silicates are the most abundant class of minerals. A silicate is a compound containing an an ionic silicon compound. About 95% of the continental crust rocks are composed of the two types of feldspar [Orthoclase= KAlSi3O8 or Plagioclase= Ca,Na)AlSi3O8] or Quartz (SiO2).

What are carbonates?

(CO3,2-)

Carbonates have a carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms. The bonding with calcium to form the mineral calcite (CaCO3) produces one of the most abundant of the non-silicate minerals. All carbonates have the property of dissolving easily in acidic water.

What are sulfates?

Sulfates have a sulfur atom surrounded by four Oxygen atoms. Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate=CaSO4) is a common sulfate.

What are phosphates?

Phosphorous in the form of phosphate ions binds with positive ions to form the phosphate minerals.

What are halides?

Halides are salts.

What are the Properties of Minerals?

1. Cleavage/fracture

2. Hardness

3. Luster

4. Streak

What is cleavage?

The tendency of a mineral to break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding.

Basal/pinacoidal=mica group and graphite.

Cubic=table salt, galena.

Octahedral=Diamond, fluorite, common semiconductors.

Rhombohedral=calcite, carbonate minerals

Prismatic=cerussite, tremolite, spodumene.

When does fracturing occur?

If a mineral's structure is equally strong in all directions, it will not have any cleavage planes. Instead it will break unevenly, or fracture.

Hardness

The "scratchability" of a mineral is described on the Mohs Hardness Scale.

What is the Mohs Hardness Scale?

Talc

Gypsum

Calcite

Fluorite

Apatite

Orthoclase

Quartz

Topaz

Corundum

Diamond

What is luster?

How a mineral appears to reflect light, and how brilliant or dull the mineral is.

What is streak?

The color of the power produced when a mineral is dragged across an unweathered surface.

What are rocks?

Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals that we find in nature.

What are the different types of rocks?

Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

What are igneous rocks?

Formed from the solidification of molten rock material.

What are intrusive igneous rocks?

Rocks that solidify below Earth's surface. Many crystals. (Diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite)

What are extrusive igneous rocks?

Rocks that cool above Earth's surface. Lava cooling quickly, fine grain, smooth. Has vesicles. (Andesite, basalt, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria)

What are vesicles?

Bubbles of gas, trapped in extrusive igneous rocks.

What are sedimentary rocks?

Formed by deposition of material at Earth's surface and within bodies of water.

topography

the configuration of a surface and the relations among its man-made and natural features,

precise detailed study of the surface features of a region

relief

the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area

elevation

height above sea level

altitude

the height of an object above the Earth's surface

depth

Downward measurement from a surface

erosion

The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another

weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface. (mechanical and chemical processes)

mountain

a landform with high elevation and high relief

, a land mass that projects well above its surroundings

, land with steep sides that rises sharply (1,000 feet or more) from surrounding land; generally larger and more rugged than a hill

plateau

a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level

plains

an extensive area of level and rolling, treeless country, often covered by rich, fertile soil.

humus

material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

, partially decomposed organic matter