MLSP 112: Prelims

Week 1 - 5 (MLSP 112)

Phlebotomy

Collecting blood through the vein by incision or puncture

phlebos (Phleb)

A greek word which means “vein”

temnein (Tomia)

A greek word which means “to cut”

Venesection

Other term for phlebotomy

“Bloodletting”

Ancient Egyptians practised phlebotomy as a form of “_____” in 1400 BC

Hippocrates

He believed that a person’s health is dependent on the balance of the 4 humors

Earth

One of the Four Humors, Blood and Brain

Air

One of the Four Humors, Phlegm and Lungs

Fire

One of the Four Humors, Black bile and Spleen

Water

One of the Four Humors, Yellow bile and Gall bladder

17th and 18th Century

These periods is when phlebotomy was treated as a major therapy

Cupping

Alternative medicine that helps ease pain and inflammation. Involves using special heated suction cups.

Leeching

Method that uses leeches for bloodletting and is currently used for microsurgical replantation.

“Hirudotheraphy”

Other term for leeching, Hirudo medicinalis (Medicinal Leech)

Main Goals of Phlebotomy

(1) Diagnosis and Treatment using blood samples
(2) Transfusion
(3) Removal of blood for polycythemia (excessive blood) or therapeutic purposes

Venipuncture

blood collection using a needle inserted in a vein.

Capillary Puncture

puncturing the skin

Inpatient

Non-ambulatory; requires patient to stay in hospital for at least one night

Outpatient

patients are served medical care on the same day that they went into the hospital

Ambulatory Care

medical care given to outpatients or patients requiring care or follow-up check-ups after discharge.

Homebound Services

provided to a patient in their home.

Hospital

Institution that has permanent inpatiend beds with 24 hr nursing service. Houses clinical lab services, where tests requested by physicans are performed.

STAT Labs

usually located near the E.R. so that procedures and tests can be done immediately when needed.

Reference Laboratory

Large independent lab that provides specialized and confirmatory lab tests, and offers faster TAT.

Infection

Happens when a microorganism invades the body, causing injury or disease.

Pathogen

Disease-causing microbe (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and virus)

Communicable Infections

spread from person to person

Nosocomial or Healthcare-Acquired Infections

disease or infection acquired in a hospital setting

Hand Contact

number one method of infection transmission

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

must be done when accidentally exposed to a potentially infectious hazard.

Rescue

RACE.

Activate the Alarm system

RACE

Contain all doors to potentially affected areas

RACE

Extinguish Fire, or Exit the area if possible

RACE

Pull the pin

PASS

Aim nozzle at the base of the fire

PASS

Squeeze the handle

PASS

Sweep nozzle side-to-side

PASS

Reactivity or Instability Hazard

(NFPA Hazard Diamond) Right and Yellow

Fire Hazard

(NFPA Hazard Diamond) Up and Red

Health Hazard

(NFPA Hazard Diamond) Left and Blue

Specific Hazard

(NFPA Hazard Diamond) Down and White

Class A Fire

Wood, paper, and cloth; Extinguished using water

Class B Fire

Organic Chemicals; Extinguished using Dry chemicals, CO2, foam, and Halon

Class C Fire

Electrical Fire; Extinguished using Dry chemicals, CO2, and Halon

Class D Fire

Combustible Metals; Extinguished using Sand or Dry chemicals

Class K Fire

Grease, Oil, and Fats; Extinguished using liquids designed to prevent splashing and cool the fire

Biohazard

any material that could be harmful to one’s health

Biosafety

Used to prevent and protect clinical labs from harmful incidents

Appropriate Medical Care & Humane Treatment

Don’t discriminate against the patient; refer the patient elsewhere if care can’t be provided immediately.

Informed Consent

Introduce yourself to the patient and explain the process.

Privacy & Confidentiality

Don’t be a Marites

Information

Inform the patient of their diagnostic results

Choose Health Care Provider & Facility

Ayaw ko rito, gusto ko doon
Patient seeks 2nd opinion from another health-care provider

Self-Determination

What the patient wants, the patient gets

Religious Belief

mga Jehova’s witness
Don’t discriminate against the patient’s religion.

Medical Records

Patient has access to their EHR

Leave

If the patient doesn’t like the service provided, he/she can just leave the hospital

Refuse Participation in Med Research

Patient doesn’t want to be a part of your medical shenanigans

Correspondence and to Receive Visitors

Patient can talk to anyone they want and be allowed visitors

Express Grievances

Patient can complain against unfair treatment

Be Informed of His Rights and Obligations as a Patient

Patient should know his/her rights and obligations

Nursing Services

Traditional service that deals directly with patient care

Support Services

Traditional service that doesn’t deal with patient care; Non-medical service

Fiscal Services

Traditional service that deals with the business aspect in a hospital.
(ex. finance, med insurance, bills, receipts)

Professional Services

Traditional service that involves a physician/doctor

Circulatory System

Responsible for transporting oxygenated blood throughout the body from heart and lungs via arteries.

Epicardium

Thin, watery membrane on outer layer of heart
Function: Covers the heart and is attached to pericardium

Myocardium

Thick layer of cardiac muscles in middle layer of heart

Endocardium

Thin layer of epithelial cells in inner layer of heart
Function: lines the valves and interior chambers

Tunica Adventitia

Outer, connective tissue in a blood vessel layer

Tunica Media

Middle, muscle and elastic fiber in a blood vessel layer

Tunica Intima

Inner, endothelial cell in a blood vessel layer

Lumen

Space inside blood vessel where blood flows

Tort

Wrongful act committed by a person against another that causes harm

Assault

Threat with the intention of causing fear of harm

Battery

Harmful touching to another person

Defamation

Words that cause harm to a person’s reputation

Libel

Published defamatory writing

Slander

False, malicious spoken words

Medical Malpractice

Misconduct or lack of skill by a professional that results in injury to the patient

Negligence

Failure to give reasonable care to patient
A professional may be sued by duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages

Evacuated Tube System (ETS) Method

Use of vacuum-sealed tubes to draw blood directly from the patient’s vein through a needle

1 - 1.5 inch

This is the length of the needle used in routine venipuncture

70% Isopropyl Alcohol

Primary antiseptic used for cleansing or disinfecting the puncture area before venipuncture

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)

This is the usual test for a glucose testing and requires the patient to have fasted for 6 - 8 hours

Lipid Profile

This is the test for triglycerides and cholesterol, requires the patient to have fasted for 10 - 12 hours

15 - 30 Degrees

The angle of the needle during venipuncture

Three-Way ID

• Verbal

• Patient’s Wrist band

• Requisition Form

Capillary Blood

Mixture of arterial and venous blood, and may contain small amounts of interstitial and intracellular fluids

Lancet

Create shallow incisions or punctures in the dermis of the skin

0.35 - 1.6 mm

Depth of puncture in newborns

3.0 mm

Depth of puncture in adults

Capillary Tube

Small tubes used to collect approx. 50 - 70 μL of blood

• Red - contains heparin

• Blue - plain

Microhematocrit Tube

Other term for Capillary Tube

Microtainer

Designed to hold approx. 600 μL of blood

3rd/4th Finger

Puncture zone for dermal puncture in adults

Side of the Heel

Puncture zone for dermal puncture in newborns

Venipuncture

Most frequently performed procedure in Phlebotomy

Median Cephalic Vein

This is the preferred vein in venipuncture because it’s large and stationary. Located near the center of the antecubital fossa.