UNIT 4: MOVEMENTS AND DEBATES

What did the Négritude movement affirm?

It affirmed African heritage and aesthetics for Afro-descendants.

Where did Négritude originate?

It began in Paris among French-speaking Caribbean and African intellectuals.

What was the goal of Negrismo?

To celebrate African contributions in Caribbean culture, art, and literature.

How were Négritude and Negrismo influenced by the New Negro movement?

They shared themes of cultural pride and Black liberation.

What argument did Aimé Césaire make about colonialism?

That colonialism was rooted in racism and economic exploitation.

What role did Langston Hughes play in Afro-diasporic movements?

He translated and connected literature across French, Spanish, and English.

What symbols are in 'Les Fétiches' by Loïs Mailou Jones?

Five African masks and a red fetish figure symbolizing ancestral protection.

What themes did Wifredo Lam’s 'The Jungle' explore?

African identity, colonial legacies, and sugarcane slavery in Cuba.

What was the Black Freedom movement?

A transnational push for civil rights and Black pride from the 1940s–1970s.

Why did African Americans visit Africa in the 1950s-60s?

To support decolonization and express Pan-African solidarity.

Who were prominent visitors to Ghana after independence?

Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Maya Angelou, and W.E.B. Du Bois.

What was significant about Joe Louis’s 1960 visit to Cuba?

It promoted tourism as an escape from U.S. racial segregation.

How did diasporic solidarity help Africa’s independence?

It brought global attention to anti-colonial struggles.

What was the ‘Year of Africa’?

In 1960, 17 African nations gained independence, advancing global decolonization.

What was the Double V Campaign?

A call for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.

Who inspired the Double V Campaign?

James G. Thompson through a letter to the Pittsburgh Courier.

How did African Americans serve in WWII?

Over two million enlisted or were drafted into segregated military branches.

Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?

The first Black military pilots, known for their skill in WWII.

What was the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion?

An all-Black women’s unit managing mail in Europe.

What did the G.I. Bill provide to veterans?

College tuition, low-interest loans, and housing assistance.

How were Black veterans disadvantaged by the G.I. Bill?

Local agencies discriminated, limiting access to benefits.

What did the GI Restoration Act of 2021 do?

Restored denied benefits to Black WWII veterans and their descendants.

What did the Brown v. Board ruling declare?

Segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

What did the Clark Doll Test reveal?

Segregation harmed Black children's self-esteem.

What was a common response to Brown v. Board?

White resistance through school closures and private schools.

Who were the Little Rock Nine?

Black students who integrated Central High School amid violent resistance.

How were Black teachers affected by integration?

Many lost jobs, replaced by less experienced white teachers.

What is redlining?

A racist practice of denying loans in Black neighborhoods.

How did the FHA promote housing segregation?

Its 1938 Underwriting Manual restricted Black homeownership.

What was the Fair Housing Act of 1968?

A law banning discrimination in housing.

What were the effects of redlining on communities?

Limited access to healthcare, transit, and healthy food.

How did Black people respond to transit discrimination?

They created jitney services and Black-owned bus lines.

What were the 'Big Four' civil rights groups?

NAACP, SCLC, CORE, and SNCC.

What strategies did civil rights groups use?

Nonviolent protest, legal action, sit-ins, boycotts, and media.

What happened at the Birmingham Children’s Crusade?

Children protested; police brutality drew global attention.

What was the goal of the March on Washington?

Jobs, freedom, and an end to racial discrimination.

What was Freedom Summer?

A 1964 campaign to register Black voters and educate on civil rights.

Who was Ella Baker?

A grassroots organizer who emphasized group-centered leadership.

What did Dorothy Height accomplish?

Led National Council of Negro Women NCNW and contributed to civil rights protests.

What was the CCCO’s focus in Chicago?

School integration, then housing and job discrimination.

What was the largest civil rights protest in U.S. history?

The 1964 NYC school boycott with 464,000 students.

What did Nicolás Guillén’s poetry critique?

Segregation and violence in the U.S. and Latin America.

What did Charles Mingus’s 'Original Faubus Fables' protest?

White supremacy and Little Rock segregation.

How did freedom songs inspire activists?

They uplifted spirits and unified communities.

Why is 'We Shall Overcome' significant?

It became the anthem of the Civil Rights movement.

What was the Nation of Islam?

A religious-political movement blending Islam and Black nationalism.

Who led the Nation of Islam after 1934?

Elijah Muhammad.

What did Malcolm X mean by 'The Ballot or the Bullet'?

If rights are denied, more radical action may follow.

How did Malcolm X’s views evolve?

He moved from NOI to Pan-Africanism and global human rights.

What was the Black Arts Movement?

An artistic movement promoting Black liberation and culture.

Who was Elizabeth Catlett?

An artist who explored race, gender, and history in her prints and sculptures.

How did BAM influence Black Studies?

It led to the founding of African American Studies programs.

What did the Black Panther Ten-Point Program demand?

Freedom, justice, education, and housing.

How did the Panthers use the Second Amendment?

They advocated armed self-defense against oppression.

What were 'survival programs'?

Initiatives like free breakfasts, legal aid, and healthcare.

What was the role of women in the Panthers?

They led local offices and made up about half the membership.

What was the Black is Beautiful movement?

A celebration of natural beauty and African heritage.

What practices did Afrocentricity promote?

African hairstyles, clothing, names, and celebrations.

What criticism is made of Afrocentricity?

It may blur differences among African diaspora groups.

What was the Combahee River Collective?

A Black feminist group advocating against intersecting oppressions.

What did the Combahee River Collective Statement argue?

Black women's liberation requires ending all systems of oppression.

What is 'womanism'?

A term by Alice Walker promoting Black women's unique feminist perspective.

What is 'intersectionality'?

A framework by Kimberlé Crenshaw examining how overlapping identities shape oppression.

What are interlocking systems of oppression?

Interconnected systems that create unequal outcomes by race, gender, class.

Who introduced the concept of interlocking oppressions?

Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins.

How did Gwendolyn Brooks depict oppression?

Through literature exploring race, gender, and class in Black lives.

What does Maud Martha by Brooks illustrate?

The layered experiences of Black identity and social status.

What limited Black wealth accumulation in the 20th century?

Discriminatory housing and job opportunities.

What statistic reflects racial wealth disparity in 2016?

Median Black family wealth: $17,150 vs. $171,000 for white families.

How did desegregation impact education?

It increased the number of Black college graduates.

How did urbanization affect Black communities?

It led to growth in Black-owned businesses and employment.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 accomplish?

It banned racially discriminatory voting laws.

How did Black political representation change post-1965?

Black elected officials rose from 1,500 in 1970 to 9,000 in 2006.

Who was Shirley Chisholm?

The first Black woman in Congress and founder of the Congressional Black Caucus.

Who was Colin Powell?

The first Black Secretary of State, appointed in 2001.

What did Barack Obama and Kamala Harris achieve?

They were the first Black U.S. president and vice president.

How has the Black population changed since 2000?

It grew 30%, becoming more multiracial and immigrant-influenced.

What role does religion play in Black communities?

It mobilizes activism and provides social and educational support.

What is the role of the Black church?

It fosters values, community development, and cultural dialogue.

What African elements shape Black music?

Improvisation, call and response, syncopation, and storytelling.

What genres has Black music influenced?

Rock and roll, Latin jazz, and global pop.

Who were pioneers of rock and roll from Black music?

Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Bo Diddley, Little Richard.

How does Black music reflect lived experience?

It blends joy, struggle, creativity, and protest.

Where did hip-hop originate?

In the Bronx among Black and Latino youth during the 1970s.

What is the 'break' in hip-hop?

A beat section extended by DJs for breakdancers.

How did DJs shape rap?

With mixing, scratching, and improvised rhymes.

What is graffiti’s role in hip-hop?

An artistic form expressing identity and social commentary.

How did hip-hop carry on Black political expression?

It voiced issues post-Black Power and reached global audiences.

Who was Oscar Micheaux?

A pioneering Black filmmaker combating racist stereotypes.

What was Soul Train?

A Black dance show highlighting culture and music from 1971.

How did migration shape Black theater?

It encouraged plays addressing Black political and social life.

What shows portrayed Black family life?

The Jeffersons, Good Times, The Fresh Prince, and Black-ish.

Who was the first Black Kentucky Derby winner?

Oliver Lewis in 1875.

What was the Colored Hockey League?

A Black Canadian league founded in 1895.

What were the Negro Leagues?

Black baseball leagues active until the 1960s.

What did Jesse Owens achieve in 1936?

Won four Olympic gold medals.

How did Muhammad Ali protest injustice?

He refused to fight in Vietnam citing racism at home.

What did Tommie Smith and John Carlos do in 1968?

Raised fists in protest during Olympic medal ceremony.

Why did Colin Kaepernick kneel during the anthem?

To protest police brutality against Black Americans.

Who was George Washington Carver?

An agricultural scientist who promoted sustainable farming.