Chapter 11: Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach 7th Edition

electrolyte

mineral salt (sodium, potassium, calcium) that carries an electrical charge when in solution

filtrate

fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into bowman capsule

nitrogenous waste

product of protein metabolism that include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia

peristaltic wave

sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow

peritoneum

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity

pH

symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution

plasma

liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes

albumin/o

albumin, protein

azot/o

nitrogenous compounds

bacteri/o

bacteria

cyst/o

vesic/o

bladder

glomerul/o

glomerulus

kal/i

potassium

keton/o

ketone bodies

lith/o

stone, calculus

meat/o

opening, meatus

nephr/o

ren/o

kidney

noct/o

night

olig/o

cavity

py/o

pus

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ur/o

urine, urinary tract

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

anuria

absence of urine production or output

bladder neck obstruction

blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

cystocele

prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman's bladder and vagina

dysuria

painful or difficult urination commonly described as burning sensation while urinating

end-stage renal disease

any type of kidney disease in which there is little to no remaining kidney function requiring a patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine incontinence

fistula

abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

hydronephrosis

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure form accumulated urine that cannot flow past the obstruction in the urinary tract

interstitial cystitis

IC, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy, painful bladder syndrome

nephrotic syndrome

loss of large amounts of plasma protein usually albumin through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

neurogenic bladder

impairment of the bladder control due to brain and nerve conduction

polycystic kidney disease

inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys

urgency

sensation of the need to void immediately

vesicoureteral reflux

disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and the bladder or obstruction in the ureter

Wilms tumor

rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children

dialysis

mechanical filtering process used to clease the blood of toxic substance such as nitrogenous waste when kidneys fail to function properly

hemodialysis

type of dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters the blood, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's bloodstream

peritoneal

type of dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile, chemical solution

kidney transplant

replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member)

nephropexy

fixation of a floating or mobile kidney

nephrostomy

the passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside body

stent placement

insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction

urethrotomy

incision of a urethral stricture

electromyography

measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes in the rectum and urethra

cystoscopy

examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope

blood urea nitrogen

BUN, determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism

culture and sensitivity

C&S, determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics

urinalysis

urine screening that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation

intravenous pyelography

IVP, imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium, excretory urography

nuclear scan

technique in which a radiopharmaceutical tracer is introduced to the body and used to produce images of organs and structures

voiding cystourethrography

VCUG, X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

antispasmodis

decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder

diuretics

promote and increase the excretion of urine, furosemide (Lasix) spironolactone (Aldactone)