Social Studies Test 5/30/24

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

“Father of the Turks”. Turkish general during WWI, revolted against the Turkish government and became the president. Reformed Turkish society.

Treaty of Lausanne

Renegotiation of Turkish borders after WWI.

Ankara

Where Ataturk moved the Turkish capital to.

Six Arrows

Ataturk’s principles of republicanism, nationalism, populism, secularism, and reformisms.

Reza Shah Pahlavi

Started as an Iranian police officer. Was part of the Iranian revolution and became the leader of Iran. Wanted to be like Ataturk and reformed Iran to be more nationalist.

Tehran

Capital of Iran

Mollah

Term for an educated person who learned Islamic law.

Ulama

Religious authority for Islam.

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

Big oil company in Iran that was originally British.

Zionism

Belief that Jews should have a homeland, preferably in the Holy Land

Peel sCommission

Group led by Lord Peel to go to Palestine and find a solution. Recommended a two-state solution.

UN Partition Plan

UN plan to create a two-state system in Palestine. No one liked it.

Arab Nationalism

Concept of unity for all Arab people

David Ben-Gurion

First Israeli prime minister. Declared Israel as a free nation after the British mandate expired

1948 War

First Israeli-Arab war. Israel wins and takes most of the Palestinian land except for the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Nakba

Situation when many Palestinian refugees have no where to go after the 1948 war.

King Abdullah of Jordan

Leader of Jordan. Wanted to annex Syria but other Arab nations opposed this plan. Led to divisions in the 1948 War.

Greater Syria

The new nation that would be created in Jordan’s plan to annex Syria

King Hussein

Grandson of Abdullah. Realized that peace with Israel would be hard.

National Pact

Gentleman’s agreement in Lebanon that the Christians wouldn’t try to ally with France while the Arabs wouldn’t ally with any pan-Arab state.

Knesset

Israeli parliament

Tel Aviv

 Israeli city on the Mediterranean.

Wahhabi Sect

Devout Muslim group that revolted against the Ottomans in the 1700s.

Ibn Saud

Leader of the Wahhabi Sect after World War One. United Arab tribes and moved to the Arabian Desert.

ARAMCO

Arabian-American Oil Conglomerate. Found oil in Ibn Saud’s land.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Egypt’s leader. Instituted land reform and nationalized the Suez Canal Company from the British in 1956.

Suez Canal

Vital canal through Egypt from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.

Suez Canal Crisis

Britain and France were mad that Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company so they funded Israel to attack Egypt. The US mediated peace. Israel takes Gaza, the UN holds the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt keeps the Suez Canal.

Ba’ath Party

Political party in Syria that supported Arab nationalism.

United Arab Republic

Alliance between Syria and Egypt with Nasser at the head. Other Arab nations didn’t join because they didn’t want to share oil revenue.

Al-Fatah

Terrorist branch of the PLO.

Yasir Arafat

Leader of Al-Fatah

Six Day War

In 1967, Israel launched strikes on its neighbors’ airbases and took the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights.

Khartoum Resolution

Agreement by eight Arab states to have no peace, recognition, or negotiations with Israel.

Anwar Sadat

Nasser’s successor in Egypt. More pragmatic, abolished the UAR, and favored free trade. Led the Yom Kippur attacks

Yom Kippur War

 Israel’s neighbors launch an attack on Yom Kippur, one of the most important religious holidays. The US and UN force a ceasefire. Israel kept its land.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Boycotted allies of Israel after the Yom Kippur War.

Settler Colonialism

Name for when Israel started building settlements in Palestinian territory.

Camp David Accords

Agreements between Israel and Egypt. Egypt agreed to recognize Israel, the West Bank became autonomous, Egypt regained the Sinai Peninsula, and Israel promised not to build anymore settlements. These agreements fall apart after a few years. Egypt also lost prominence in the Arab world.

Menachem Begin

Israeli prime minister during the Camp David Accords

Intifada

“shaking off”. From 1987-1993, Palestinians boycotted Israeli goods, refused to pay taxes, and conducted terrorist attacks.

Hamas

“excitement”. Palestinian terrorist group that wanted to eradicate Israel. Started as a competitor to the PLO.

Oslo I

 In 1991, the USSR started a conference with Arab nations in Madrid. Secretly, Arafat, who became the leader of the PLO, and Yitzak Rabin, the Israeli premier, are meeting in Oslo, Norway.

Both sides agreed that the PLO recognized Israel and denounced terrorism, the Palestinian Authority was created, and Israel would give autonomy to Gaza and Parts of the West Bank.

Yitzak Rabin

Israeli primier to the Oslo I Accords

Bill Clinton

Invited Arafat and Rabin to the White House.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Leader of Iran. Son of Reza Khan. Allowed others in government to gain power. Very lavish.

Mohammad Mosaddiq

Wanted to nationalize the AIOC, but the US and Britain lead a coup (He was sort of a communist) and bring back Reza Pahlavi.

White Revolution

Shah Reza Pahlavi wanted to lessen landowners’ power. Redistributed land, built railways and roads, gave food to mothers in need, prioritized industry, created the literacy corps, gave women the right to vote, and gave equal rights to married women.

1979 Revolution

Iranians revolted against Shah Reza Pahhlavi.

Mohammad Khomeini

Was a cleric who spoke out against Shah Reza Pahlavi. Got exiled and went to Paris. During the revolution, he comes back.

Hostage Crisis

Iranians storm the US embassy and take many hostage for 444 days. Jimmy Carter tries to bring them back, but fails, leading to Reagan becoming president. Carter did prevent Iran from selling oil, leading to inflation, unemployment, and hatred of the US.

Mohammad Khatami

Elected president of Iran in 1997. Wanted to mend US relations.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Elected president in 2005. Hated Israel and wanted nuclear energy.

Hezbollah

Iranian-backed militia in Lebanon.

Saddam Hussein

Became the Iranian president in 1979 with US backing. Wanted to make Iran the biggest Arab nation. Terrorized his people and committed war crimes.

Iraq-Iran War

1980-1988. Started over the Shatt-al-Arab Waterway, and was very slow and brutal. Iraq ended up being heavily in debt.

Anfal Campaign

Iraqi genocide of Kurds during the Iraq-Iran war.

Shatt-al-Arab Waterway

Waterway where the Euphrates and Tigris meet and ends in the Persian Gulf.