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Compact Bone
Covered in PERIOSTEUM (connective tissue)
At the joints
Periosteum is complete everywhere except
LONG BONE Characteristics
Compact bone covers the outer layer
thickness varies (thicker=more stress)
2 ends
Osteons are PARALLEL to long axis of bone
Periosteum
Covers the OUTER surface
Periosteum Characteristics
Protects bone from tissues
Bone growth/repair
Endosteum Characteristics
found WITHIN bone lining (medullary cavity)
incomplete layer= one cell layer thick
Osteoprogenitor cells
lines inner of central/perforating canals
Active during bone GROWTH (and repair kinda)
Mesenchyme and Cartilage
Embryonic development bone replaces BOTH
Ossification
Replacement of tissue with bone
Calcification
Deposition of CALCIUM SALTS in tissue
Two forms of Ossification
Intramembranous & Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal Closure
Stops bone growth (Hormones also determine growth b/w sexes)
Appositional Bone Growth
Bones continue to grow
Stem cells → Osteoblasts → +ADD bone matrix
Sets of blood vessels that develop in long bones
Nutrient Artery & Vein
Metaphyseal vessels (supply blood in bone)
Epiphyseal vessels (supply osseus tissue & medullary cavity)
Periosteal vessels (Supply superficial osteons of shaft)
Factors that Regulate Bone Growth
Minerals, Vitamin A & C & D, Calcitriol, and Parathyroid Hormones
OsteoBLAST Activity
Vitamin A stimulates
Collagen synthesis and Osteoblast differentiation
Vitamin C is required for
Bone growth occurs
When osteoBLAST activity OUTNUMBERS osteoCLAST activity…
1/5
How much of the skeletal structure is replaced each year
206
Human Skeleton has around ____ Bones
sutural
pneumatized
short
long
irregular
flat
sesamoid
7 groups/types of bones
Osteocyte
Mature bone cells that “live“ in pits called Lacunae
Stratum Granulosum
Layer of skin that produces a substance that prevents water loss and is considered last “living“ skin layer
OsteoCLASTS
Bone cells that secrete acid & enzymes
Responsible for Osteolysis
Spongy Bone
Bone arranged into parallel structs/plates called trabeculae
Stratum Lucidum
Thin skin lacks the ____ layer
Sutural Bones
Small, Flat bones that are found between the skull bones are ____
Epiphyseal Plate
The “end cap“ of a bone that “closes“ when bone growth stops
Ans. Appositional Growth
Q. Once the length of bone is set it continues to grow
2/3
Calcium Phosphate accounts for ____ of bone weight
Bone to resist compression
Calcium HYDROXIDE reacts with → Calcium PHOSPHATE it forms Hydroxyapatite crystals that allow ______
Canaliculi
_____ radiate thru the matrix interconnecting the LACUNAE
OsteoBLAST Characteristics
CUBOIDAL cell
Found in single layer in inner/outer surface of bone
Produce bone (Osteogenesis)