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Steam Engine

Patented in 1769 by James Watt, revolutionized industry.

Industrial Revolution

Transformation in manufacturing technology beginning in 1700s.

Geographic Distribution

Patterns of industry location across regions and countries.

Environmental Issues

Concerns related to air, water, and land pollution.

Globalization

Increased competition for attracting and retaining industries.

Industrial Clustering

Concentration of industries in specific geographic areas.

Developed Countries

Nations with advanced economies and industrialization.

Developing Countries

Nations with emerging economies and industrial growth.

Iron Industry

First industry to utilize steam engines for production.

Coal Industry

Primary energy source during the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Regions

Key areas of industrial activity globally.

Europe's Industrial Areas

Regions like UK and Ruhr dominate industrial output.

North America's Industrial Areas

Regions like Northeast and Midwest are key industrial hubs.

East Asia's Industrial Areas

China and Japan are leading manufacturing regions.

Kuznetsk

Russia's major manufacturing district with coal reserves.

Silesia

Rapidly growing industrial area in Europe.

Mid-Rhine

Central industrial area in Europe, financial hub.

Mohawk Valley

Industrial belt in New York utilizing hydroelectric power.

Pittsburgh-Lake Erie

Historical center of steel production in the U.S.

Southern California

Major center for clothing and textile manufacturing.

Great Lakes Region

Industrial area in North America near major waterways.

Rotterdam

World's largest port, crucial for trade in Europe.

Volga Region

Contains Russia's largest petroleum and natural gas fields.

Rainc Run Up

Concentration of iron and steel industries in Europe.

Middle Atlantic

Largest U.S. market attracting diverse industries.

Guangdong Province

Leading industrial area in China, major manufacturing hub.

Yangtze River Valley

Key industrial region in China, significant economic growth.

China

World's leading manufacturing country by most measures.

Western Great Lakes

Center of U.S. transportation network and steel production.

Southeastern Ontario

Canada's key industrial area near Great Lakes.

Japan's Industrial Power

Became industrialized in the 1950s and 1960s.

Manufacturing Concentration in Japan

Centered between Tokyo and Nagasaki.

China's Labor Supply

World's largest supply of low-cost labor.

South Korea's Manufacturing

Focuses on export-oriented production, especially ships.

Situation Factors

Involve transporting materials to and from factories.

Site Factors

Result from unique characteristics of a location.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

Locates near inputs to minimize transport costs.

Nonmetallic Minerals

Used in building stones and fertilizers.

Metallic Minerals

Valuable for machinery and vehicle manufacturing.

Ferrous Alloys

Contain iron; used in construction and machinery.

Proximity to Inputs

Optimal location near raw materials for cost efficiency.

Proximity to Markets

Optimal location near consumers to reduce costs.

Silicon

27.7% of Earth's crust; used in electronics.

Oxygen

46.6% of Earth's crust; essential for life.

Aluminum

8.1% of Earth's crust; lightweight metal used widely.

Copper

Valued for high conductivity and malleability.

Lead

Used in batteries, pipes, and construction materials.

Nickel

Used in stainless steel and high-temperature alloys.

Manganese

Imparts toughness during steel production.

Molybdenum

Enhances toughness and resilience in steel.

Lithium

Used in batteries for electronic devices.

Chromium

Key component of stainless steel.

Diamonds

Considered a nonmetallic mineral; valuable gemstones.

Phosphorus

Used in fertilizers; essential nutrient for plants.

Sulfur

Used in fertilizers and industrial processes.

Magnesium

Light, strong metal for corrosion-resistant alloys.

Tin

Corrosion-resistant metal used for plating iron and steel.

Zinc

Coating for iron and steel to prevent corrosion.

Titanium

Used as white pigment; extracted from ilmenite.

Precious Metals

Includes silver, gold, and platinum group metals.

Tungsten

Manufactures tungsten carbide for cutting tools.

Rare Earth Metals

17 elements used in electronics and motors.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

Produces goods that gain volume during production.

Single-Market Manufacturer

Specialized manufacturers serving one or two customers.

Perishable Products

Goods requiring rapid delivery to consumers.

Fabricated Metals

Parts and machinery made from steel and metals.

Just-in-Time Delivery

Parts delivered right before assembly to minimize inventory.

Beverage Production

Bulk-gaining industry bottling drinks near consumers.

Water in Beverage Production

Bulky input; bottlers locate near consumer markets.

Steel Fabricators

Transform steel into complex products near markets.

YKK

World's largest zipper manufacturer; factories in 68 countries.

Fresh Food Processing

Requires proximity to markets for rapid delivery.

Daily Newspaper

Highly perishable product; demands quick delivery.

Aluminum Alloys

Used in lightweight beverage cans for corrosion resistance.

China's Role in Metals

Leading producer of magnesium, zinc, and rare earth metals.

Australia's Role in Metals

Leading producer of nickel and aluminum.

Corrosion Resistance

Property that prevents metal degradation over time.

Bauxite Ore

Primary source for extracting aluminum.

Canning Industry

Example of bulk-gaining industry producing beverages.

Fabrication Processes

Includes forging, stamping, and welding metals.

Motor Vehicle Parts

Specialized components produced near assembly plants.

Dairy Production

Located in Wisconsin for agricultural suitability.

Newspaper Demand

Consumers prefer immediate access to printed news.

Transportation Cost

Expenses incurred to move goods to markets.

Decline of Print Jobs

Print publishing jobs decreased from 1 million to 800,000.

Increase in Internet Jobs

Internet publishing jobs rose from 70,000 to 80,000.

Bulkiness of Products

Increased size after processing affects transportation.

Modes of Transportation

Goods transported via ship, rail, truck, or air.

Cost per Kilometer

Transportation cost decreases with longer distances.

Trucks

Ideal for short-distance delivery due to speed.

Trains

Used for longer distances, less frequent stops.

Ships

Cost-effective for long-distance ocean transport.

Break-of-Bulk Point

Location where goods transfer between transport modes.

Copper Mining

First step in copper production, involves extracting ore.

Concentration Process

Crushing and grinding ore to increase copper content.

Smelting

Process that removes impurities from concentrated copper.

Refining

Purification process producing nearly pure copper cathodes.

Energy Sources

Metal processors locate near economical electrical sources.

Transportation Modes

Includes ship, rail, truck, and air options.

Copper Concentrate

Product with about 25% copper after concentration.