CREBM REVIEW PACO 2026

Variability

Differences in measurements or observations caused by factors such as observer variability, instrument issues, and subject characteristics.

Observer Variability

Differences in data collection due to the choice of words in interviews or the skill of the observer using instruments.

Instrument variability

Problems with equipment that can affect data collection, such as low battery or malfunctioning devices.

Non-Probability Sampling

A sampling method where not every individual has a known or equal chance of being selected, including convenience and consecutive sampling.

Probability Sampling

A sampling method where each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being included, such as simple random, systematic, stratified random, and cluster sampling.

Sample Size Calculations

Mathematical methods used to determine the number of subjects needed to accurately represent a population and control for random error.

Hypothesis

A testable statement predicting the relationship between variables, necessary in studies comparing two or more groups or calculating sample size.

Quantitative Studies

Research that involves numerical data and often requires a hypothesis, unlike observational studies.

Meta analysis/Sys Review > Systematic review > RCT > cohort > case control > case series/case reports > animal research > expert opinion

Levels of Evidence Pyramid Hierarchy

Nominal

Categorical variables without a specific order, such as sex or blood type.

Ordinal

Categorical variables with a defined order, such as the Glasgow Coma Scale or pain scales.

Research Questions

Queries that guide the study, addressing what is being investigated and why it matters.

Background/Significance

The rationale for conducting a study, explaining its importance to the reader.

Study Design

The structure of the research, including time frame and epidemiological design.

Subjects

The individuals selected for the study based on specific criteria (inclusion/exclusion criteria) and sampling design.

Variables

The measurements that will be taken during the study.

Internal Validity

The degree to which a study accurately measures the relationship between independent and dependent variables without confounding factors.

External Validity

The extent to which study results can be generalized to other settings, populations, and times.

Precision

The degree to which measurements are free from random error, often improved by standardizing methods and refining instruments.

Accuracy

The degree to which measurements are free from systematic error, enhanced by calibration and unobtrusive measurement techniques as well as blinding.

Blinding

A method used in studies to prevent bias, where subjects and/or observers are unaware of group assignments.

P-Value

A statistical measure that indicates the probability of obtaining results as extreme as those observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Therapy

The selection of effective and affordable treatments for patients.

Diagnosis

The process of identifying a disease based on clinical findings and diagnostic tests.

Etiology

The study of causes and risk factors associated with diseases and injuries.

Prognosis

An estimate of the likely course and outcome of a disease.

Univariate Statistics

Statistical analysis that summarizes only one variable at a time.

Dichotomous

Binary variables that have two categories, such as alive/dead.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or controlled in a study to observe its effect on the dependent variable.