Emotion

What are the two major components that define an emotion?

Physical sensations(e.g rapid heart rate) and conscious, subjective feelings(e.g scared).

In the study of emotions, what does the term 'valence' refer to?

Whether an emotional state is positive (pleasurable) or negative (displeasurable).

How do moods differ from emotions in terms of duration?

Moods are longer lasting than emotions.

How do moods differ from emotions in terms of specificity?

Moods are more general states, while emotions are often associated with specific events.

Define emotions

emotions are cognitive experiences often associated with events or memories that evoke positive or negative states.

What was Charles Darwin's observation regarding emotions across species?

There are commonalities in behavior, cognition, and expression of emotions between species.

List the three adaptive advantages of emotions mentioned in the material.

Contributing to arousal, managing approach/withdrawal, and nonverbal communication.

Who classified the six basic and universal emotions in 1972?

Ekman

List the six universal emotions identified by Paul Ekman.

Happiness, Anger, Surprise, Fear, Sadness, and Disgust.

What is the result of a lesion to the amygdala regarding emotional recognition?

An inability to recognize facial expressions of emotion.

Which brain hemisphere is primarily associated with processing faces and emotions?

Right

In the 'Common View' of emotion, what is the sequence of events?

Perception of stimulus - Feeling of emotion - Physiological reaction.

What does the James-Lange theory propose as the cause of emotion?

Proposes that emotions are a product of the brain’s interpretation of physiological responses

to a stimulus or event

According to the James-Lange theory, do you feel fear before or after your heart starts racing?

After (the feeling follows the physical reaction).

What is the core claim of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Emotional feeling and physiological reaction occur simultaneously and independently.

How does the Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor) theory explain the experience of emotion?

Subjective feeling is influenced by physiological feedback, but the brain determines the specific emotion based on context.

In the Schachter-Singer theory, what are the 'two factors'?

ANS feedback and cognitive interpretation/context.

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system produces 'fight-or-flight' arousal?

The Sympathetic System

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with 'rest and digest' and slowing the heartbeat?

The Parasympathetic System

What is the primary role of the Amygdala within the limbic system's emotional circuit?

To detect and learn about (fearful) stimuli.

What is the role of the Hippocampus in the context of emotion?

Contextual fear learning and memory

Which brain region is responsible for the 'conscious appraisal and interpretation' of a threat?

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

What is the Hypothalamus's role in the expression of emotion?

It manages the physical expression, such as the release of stress hormones. and detection of fear and threat.

What is the psychological term used when referring to emotions collectively?

Affect

The _____ system is described as a circuit that rings the thalamus and is central to emotion.

Limbic

Case Study: Patient S.M. is known for having damage to which brain structure, affecting her ability to feel fear?

The Amygdala

Which gland is known as the 'master gland' in the HPA axis that receives signals from the hypothalamus?

The Pituitary gland

Which universal emotion is often characterized by the wrinkling of the nose and lifting of the upper lip?

Disgust

what plays a central role in emotions, learning about fearful stimuli

Amygdala