CVD

cardiovascular disease

Leading cause of death in US accounting for nearly half of all deaths

cardiovascular disease

The collective term for various forms of diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Tobacco Use

High blood pressure

High Levels of cholesterol

Physical Inactivity

Obesity

Diabetes

MAJOR RISK FACTORS THAT CAN BE CHANGED (CVD)

Tobacco Use

twice

triples

People who smoke a pack of cigarettes a day have ____ the risk of heart attack; smoking 2 or more packs a day _____ the risk

Women who smoke heavily and use oral contraceptives

up to 32 times more likely to have a heart attack and 20 times to have a stroke

32

20

Women who smoke heavily and use oral contraceptives are up to ___ times more likely to have a heart attack and ___ times to have a stroke

LDL

blood fat that transports cholesterol from the liver to organs and tissues; excess is deposited on artery walls, where it can eventually block the flow of blood to the heart and brain

excess is deposited on artery walls, where it can eventually block the flow of blood to the heart and brain

excess cholesterol

HDL

blood fat that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries an

LDL - bad cholesterol

HDL - good cholesterol

LDL -

HDL -

The more physical activity you engage in, the more cardiovascular benefit you derive.

TAKE NOTE!

2-3X

The risk of death from CVD is ____ higher in obese people (BMI ≥30) than it is in lean people (BMI 18.5-24.9)

greater than or equal to 30

BMI of obese people

18.5-24.9

BMI of lean people

30%

for every 5 unit increment of BMI, a person's risk of death from Coronary heart disease increases by ___?

men - doubles

women - triples

Having diabetes ____ the risk of CVD for men and ___ the risk for women

People with prediabetes also face a significant increased risk of CVD

TAKE NOTE!

1. High Triglycerides Levels

2. Psychological and Social Factors

- A. stress

- B. Chronic hostility and anger

- C. Supressing Psychological distress

- D. Depression and anxiety

- E. Social Isolation

- F. low economic status

3. Alcohol and drugs

Contributing Risk factors that can be changed

1. Heredity

2. Aging

3. Being Male 4. Ethnicity

Major risk factors that can't be changed

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

It causes atherosclerosis, or hardening, of the arteries. It also causes angina (chest pain) and heart attacks.

Atherosclerosis

occurs when the normal lining of the arteries deteriorates, the walls of arteries thicken, and deposits of fat and plaque build up, causing narrowing (or even blockage) of the arteries

Atherosclerosis

a type of arteriosclerosis (thickening and hardening of the arteries)

Plaque

results from deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances

Atherosclerosis

Blood clots form, thus blocking the blood flow. This can lead to heart attacks and strokes.

-High blood cholesterol

- Smoking

-High blood pressure

- Diabetes

- Obesity

- Not physically active

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include:

Angina

a pain or discomfort in the chest that happens when some part of the heart does not receive enough blood

Angina

It often feels like a pressing or squeezing pain, generally in the chest under the breastbone, but sometimes in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.

physical exertion

The most common trigger for angina

- Emotional stress

- Extreme cold or heat

- Alcohol

- Smoking

Other triggers of angina include:

angina

seldom causes permanent damage to the heart, unlike a heart attac

heart attack

happens when the blood flow to a part of the heart is suddenly and permanently cut off

stroke

Lack of blood flow to the brain from a blood clot, or bleeding in the brain from a broken blood vessel. Without a good blood supply, brain cells cannot get enough oxygen and begin to die.

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

mini-stroke

TIA

Where no damage is done to the brain. Even though they do no damage, TIAs are serious and can put you at greater risk of having a full stroke.

• Uncontrolled high blood pressure

• Smoking

• Diabetes

Risk factors for stroke include:

There are ways to measure blood pressure and several medications to lower it if it is too high.

TAKE NOTE

blood pressure reading

measures the force of blood pumped from the heart against the walls of your blood vessels

Blood Pressure

It is recorded as two numbers: a top number of systolic pressure (the pressure of blood in the vessels as the heart beats), and a bottom number of diastolic pressure (the pressure of the blood between heartbeats, when the heart rests).

systolic pressure

the pressure of blood in the vessels as the heart beats

diastolic pressure

the pressure of the blood between heartbeats, when the heart rests

Most heart attacks are the result of coronary heart disease, a condition that clogs coronary arteries with fatty, calcified plaques.

TAKE NOTE!

coronary heart disease

a condition that clogs coronary arteries with fatty, calcified plaque

In the early 1980s, researchers confirmed that the immediate cause of nearly all heart attacks is not the obstructive plaque itself. Instead, it's the sudden formation of a blood clot on top of plaque that cuts off blood flow in an already narrowed blood vessel.

TAKE NOTE!

- high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, diabetes and a sedentary lifestyle

- stress

- exertion

- excitement

- family history

Major risk factors of heart attack

High levels of estrogen are thought to protect premenopausal women fairly well, but the risk of heart attack increases significantly after menopause.

TAKE NOTE!

heart attack

a heart condition that is a medical emergency

heart attack

It must be quickly addressed by conventional medicine. At this point, alternative medicine cannot compete with standard drug therapy and surgical treatments

standard drug therapy / conventional medicine - during the heart attack

alternative medicine - may at other times, though, make valuable contributions to heart attack prevention and recovery

medicine for heart attack

Heart attack victims are usually hospitalized in special coronary care units (CCU) for at least 36 hours.

TAKE NOTE!

• A painkiller such as MORPHINE

•Vasodilators such as NITROGLYCERINE to expand blood vessels

• BETA-ADREGERNIC BLOCKER DRUGS to calm the heart

• ASPIRIN to reduce clotting activity

Standard drug therapy for heart attack includes:

cardiologist, or heart specialist

They rely on various tests to diagnose a heart attack. These tests can also identify sites of blockage as well as tissue damage.

Monitoring the heart's electrical activity (ECG) together with blood tests

provides data for an initial assessment of the patient's condition with heart attack

angiograms and radioisotope scans

Images of the heart and coronary arteries done with these, they locate specific areas of damage and blockage.

echocardiograms

Ultrasound tests that evaluate the heart's function

60-100 times per minute

heartbeat per minute

arrhythmia or dysrhythmia

An irregular or abnormal heartbeat which can involve a change in the rhythm, producing an uneven heartbeat, or a change in the rate, causing a very slow or very fast heartbeat.

heart failure

It means the heart does not pump as well as it should.

heart failure

This then leads to salt and water retention, causing swelling and shortness of breath. The swelling and shortness of breath are its primary symptoms.

swelling and shortness of breath

primary symptoms of heart failure

heart failure

a major health problem in the U.S., affecting nearly 5 million Americans.

heart failure

It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65.

Congestive heart failure

term often used to describe heart failure.

Congestion, or the buildup of fluid

Congestion, or the buildup of fluid, is only one symptom of heart failure and does not occur in all people who have heart failure.

systolic and diastolic

NOTE: Within each category of heart failure, the symptoms vary from person to person.

There are two main categories of heart failure

heart valves

lie at the exit of each of your four heart chambers and maintain one-way blood-flow through your heart.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

One or both valve leaflets protrude into the left atrium

MVP syndrome

the term used when the anatomic prolapse is accompanied by signs and symptoms unrelated to the valvular abnormality

Aortic insufficiency

Blood flows back into the left ventricle during diastole, causing fluid overload in the ventricle , which dilates and hypertrophies.

Left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema

Aortic insufficiency results in

Mitral stenosis

Narrowing of the valve by valvular abnormalities, fibrosis or calcification obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Mitral stenosis

Results from rheumatic fever

Most common in females

Mitral Stenosis is most common in?

Aortic stenosis

Increased left ventricular pressure tries to overcome the resistance of the narrowed valvular opening . The added workload increases the demand for oxygen, and diminished cardiac output causes poor coronary artery perfusion, ischemia of the left ventricle and the left ventricular failure

Pulmonary insufficiency

Blood ejected into the pulmonary artery during systole flows back into the right ventricle during diastole, causing fluid overload in the ventricle, ventricular hypertrophy and finally ventricular failure

Pulmonic stenosis

Obstructed right ventricular outflow causes right ventricular hypertrophy, eventually resulting in right ventricular failure

Tricuspid Insufficiency

Blood flows back into the right atrium during systole, decreasing blood flow to the lungs and left side of the heart

Tricuspid Insufficiency

Cardiac output also lessens

Fluid overload in the right side of the heart eventually lead to right ventricular failure

TAKE NOTE!

Tricuspid stenosis

Obstructed blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle causes the right atrium to dilate and hypertrophy

Tricuspid stenosis

This leads to right ventricular failure and increases pressure in the vena cava

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated

Resulting from extensive damage myocardial muscle fibers, it interferes with myocardial metabolism and grossly dilates all chambers of the heart

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated

This gives the heart a globular appearance.

intractable heart failure,

arrhythmias and emboli

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated leads to

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated

Can be due to viruses, endocrine and electrolyte disorders and nutritional deficiencies

Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy

Characterized by disproportionate, assymmetric thickening of the interventricular septum in relation to the free wall of the left ventricle.

Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic

Cardiac output may be low, normal or high depending on whether stenosis is obstructive or nonobstructive

Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic

May be inherited or idiopathic

Cardiomyopathy, restrictive

Characterized by restrictive ventricular filling and endocardial fibrosis and thickening.

Cardiomyopathy, restrictive

• If severe, it's irreversible

• Unknown cause

Pericarditis

- Inflammation of the pericardium, the fibroserous sac that envelops, supports and protects the heart.

• Can be acute or chronic

- Bacterial, fungal, viral or infection

parasitic

- High dose radiation to the chest

- Neoplasms

- Uremia

- Hypersensitivity or autoimmune disease such as rheumatic fever, LE and rheumatoid arthritis

- Postcardiac injury such as MI, trauma or surgery

- Drugs such as hydralazine or procainamide

- Idiopathic factors

Common causes of pericarditis are:

Marfan syndrome

Rare inherited, degenerative generalized disease of the connective tissue that causes ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular anomalies

Vasculitis

- characterized by inflammation and necrosis (death) of blood vessels

- Can occur at any age

Vasculitis

Maybe a primary disorder or secondary to other disorders such as LE and rheumatoid arthritis

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

- Inherited condition that causes the heart muscle to become hypertrophic, primarily in the septum, which is the area between the two ventricles

- With high risk of sudden death

-Should not be engaged in competitive sport

Rheumatic Heart Disease

due to untreated streptococcal throat infection, damaging the heart muscles and heart valves

• 1. Quit smoking.

• 2. Improve cholesterol levels.

• 3. Control high blood pressure.

• 4. Get active.

• 5. Follow a heart-healthy diet.

• 6. Get to a healthy weight.

• 7. Control diabetes.

• 8. Manage stress and anger.

Taking action will improve your health -- and, possibly, save your life. Get going on these 8 ways to get on track.

- Total cholesterol level over 200

-HDL ("good") cholesterol level under

40

- LDL ("bad") cholesterol level over 160

You're more likely to get heart disease if you have:

Normal blood pressure - 120/80

High blood pressure - 140/90

Normal blood pressure -

High blood pressure -

High blood pressure

often called a "silent" killer because it usually has no signs or symptoms