ANTH 186TS Final

• A funerary text, relaying the hours of Re as he journeys through the Duat

• “That which is the Netherworld”

• Found on the walls of tombs, like the tomb of Thutmose III

• The repeat, nightly, journey of the sun (Re), symbolizing rejuvenation and rebirth

• Images of individual hours of the journey

• Am Duat

• Mythical creature present during the weighing of the heart

• Consumes the hearts of those that fail

• Found in the book of the dead

• Composite creature with head of crocodile, arms of a lion & legs of a hippo

• Ammut

• God’s Wife of Amun

• Kushite representative in Egypt

• Buried at Medinet Habu

• Depicted as fully human figure, with arm crossed over chest holding a flail

• Amenirdis

• Warrior Goddess

• Introduced to Egypt from near east

• Patron deity of Ramessid Kings

• Sometimes equated to hathor

• Depicted w/ shield, spear, and axe

• Wears White crown w/ plumes

• Anat

• Escort of the dead into the underworld

• Jackal headed man or a jackal

• God of the dead & mummification

• Appears during the weighing of the heart

• Anubis

• Kushite/Nubian Lion-headed war god

• Nubian diety made to look more egyptian

• Can be depicted as a lion-headed man

• Can appear w/ 3 lion heads or as lion headed snake

• Apedemak

• Most important bull deity

• Son of Ptah

• Worshipped in Memphis

• Only one living bull represented Apis at the time and was chosen based on appearance

• Quadrupedal standing bull

• sometimes w/ the sun disk on his head

• Apis

• Mummy from Hawara

• 2nd Century CE

• Blends Egyptian and Roman elements

• Deceased Roman mans face printed on sarcophagus

• Artemidorus

• One of the 3 most important aspects of the soul

• Allows Soul to travel and leave the tomb

• Represents someone’s moral Core

• Depicted as a Human Headed Bird

• Ba

• Scene depicting journey of sun through the Body of Nut

• Under body are the many deities of the Netherworld

• Found in the tomb of Ramses VI

• Goddess Nut swallowing & birthing the sun, while arched over many smaller deities

• Book of Day & Night

• Found in Coffins, tombs, & wrappings of mummies

• “Book of going forth by day”

• Funerary texts, used to guide deceased into and through the underworld

• Weighing of the heart is from the book of the dead

• Book of the Dead

• Contained the organs of the deceased

• Represented the 4 sons of Horus

• Contained liver, lungs, stomach, & intenstines

• Housed in a box

• Jars w/ head of falcon, ape, jackal, & a man

• Canopic Jars

• Hellenistic/Roman/Egyptian Osiris in the form of a canopic jar

• Depiction found at palace of Cleopatra at Alexandria

• Picked up by freemasonry, statues / idols of Osiris as a canopic jar

• Canopic jar w/ head of Osiris or Isis holding

• Canopis

• Corn meaning crop or gain

• Replicas of a mummified Osiris

• Made yearly, to be buried during the festival of Osiris

• Small figure made of soil & grain, wrapped like a mummy, and placed in a small coffin

• “Corn Mummy”

• Lesser deities tasked by gods for different purposes

• Found in the netherworld & the living world

• Gate gods protected gates along the nightly journey of Re

• Anthropomorphic figures w/ heads of various animals

• Usually holding knives

• Demons & Gate Gods

• Mortuary temple complex on the west bank of the Nile

• Contains the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

• New kingdom Hathor chapel located here

• Many votive offerings including phalluses

• Large Rock cut temples, walkways & ramps

• Cut into the face of the mountains

• Deir el Bahari

• Final Resting place of good souls in the netherworld

• Egyptian equivalent of heaven

• Hetep means to be at content w/ offerings

• Depicted as people living & working in bountiful fields

• Field of Iharu & Hetep

• Sacred mountain in the Sudan

• Location of a Meroitic royal cemetary & pyramid

• Also has a temple to Mut

• Monumental sculptures of Bes

• Cluster of Nubian pyramids

• Gebel Barkal

• Re manifesting as a cat during one hour of his solar journey

• Slays the snake Apophis

• Found in chapter 17 of the BoD

• Cat wielding knife, decapitating Apophis

• Great Cat of Re

• Child form of Horus

• Protector from harms like wild creatures

• offspring of Isis & Osiris

• Egyptian child w/ child pose & hair

• Often depicted in the arms of Isis

• Harpocrates

• Placed on the heart of the mummy

• Stops heart from betraying your during the weighing of the heart

• Elite burial good

• Small scarab amulet w/ spell on the backside

• Heart Scarab

• Most prominent Egyptian goddess

• Strong /w magic

• Wife of Osiris & the Mother of Horus

• Usually full human figure in dress w/ throne on head

• Isis

• Early dynastic burial structure

• Based on the primordial mound

• Shaft & tunnel burials underneath

• Single flat structure w/ entrance

• Mastaba

• Coiled serpent god that protects Re on nightly journey

• First appears in the coffin texts of the middle kingdom

• Warden of Criminals

• Depicted as serpent covering cabin of Re on Solar Barque

• Mehen

• Means “Great Flood”

• Gave Birth to Re & placed him as the sun disk on her head

• Found in pyramid texts

• Cow statue w/ horn sun disk combo

• Mehet-Weret

• Capital kingdom of Kush

• Where Meroitic script comes from

• pyramids tombs of Kushite royals

• chain of Nubian / kushite pyramids

• pointy and steep

• Meroe

Abydos

• Resting place of the first pharaohs of Egypt

• Said to be the resting place of Osiris

• One of the first major cities in Egypt

• Possible human retainer sacrifice

Akh

• One aspect of the Egyptian Soul

• Capable of moving between the living world and the netherworld

• Egyptian equivalent of a ghost

• Magic part of the soul

• Ibis hieroglyph

Coffin Texts

• Found on the insides of Coffins

• List of spells for the deceased

• Adapted version of the pyramid texts

• Acted as a guide for the deceased

Free Masonry & Rosicrucian’s

• Increasing interest in Egypt starting 17th-18th centuries

• creation of frats and sororities dedicated to mysteries & secrets

• Rosicrucian’s have a museum in San Jose

• Influence on film & media like the 1932 mummy

Giza

• Houses the Giza Necropolis, w/ the great pyramids & the sphinx

• No writing on the walls of temples at Giza

• Located on the West bank of the NIle

• Part of the sacred landscape of the old kingdom

Hathor

• The eye of Re

• A cow goddess

• Can manifest as Sekhmet

• Shares iconography w/ Isis

• Often painted w/ Horus

Imhotep

• Architect of Djoser

• Created the first step pyramids

• Deified after death

• Depicted as a seated scribe-like figure

Ka

• One aspect of the Egyptian Soul

• Depicted w/ the hieroglyph of raised hands

• Ka Statues found in Serdab of tombs

• Remains in tomb to accept offerings

Lector Priest

• Wore a leopard print sash

• Recited the spells & rituals of the temple

• One of the highest ranking priests

• Can be found in the triumph of Horus

Litany of Re

• The 75 manifestations of Re

• Found on papyrus scrolls & walls of tombs

• Papyrus of Nanny is a litany of Re

• Most depicted as black figures w/ varying heads

Alexandria

• Significant city during the Hellenistic period

• combined both classical and Egyptian features

• Housed one of the 7 wonders of the world “Pharos’ Lighthouse”

• Also, home of the temple of Serapis

Aspect & Manifestation

• Manifestations are the physical or functional forms a god or person takes

• This can include animal, human, or symbolic forms

• Aspects are the different qualities or roles of a deity

• Often combined through syncretism allowing one god to embody different forces

Beni Hassan

• Egyptian cemetery used during the Middle Kingdom

• Carved into the side of the mountain

• Includes vividly painted, detailed scenes of daily life

• Provides insight into Egyptian social structure, art and foreign trade

Byblos

• Important port city serving as a key hub for trade

• Known for its religious syncretism

• Hathor merged with local deity Ba’alat and revered as “Mistress of Byblos”

• Temple architecture shows Egyptian influence

Corpus Hermeticum

• Classical texts, attributed to Hermes Trsimegistus (Thoth)

• Written by Egyptians within a Hellenistic framework

• Contain secret wisdom

• Significant in the foundation of Freemasonry

Dahshur

• Royal necropolis on the west bank of the Nile

• Houses the Bent Pyramid, the red pyramid and the black pyramid

• Mad of mud brick and is now eroded

• Shows the evolution of pyramid building

Dionysus-Osiris

• Syncretism btwn Osiris and Dionysis

• Popular in Ptolemaic Egypt

• Both associated with death resurrection and mystery cults

• Greek-looking statue with a scepter in hand

Gebel barkal

• Giant Sandstone mountain on Nile’s north bank

• “holy Mountain”

• cult center for Amun-Re in Nubia

• Syncretism between Amun and Local Nubian deity believed to reside in the mountain itself

• Lots of ram symbolism

Herems Trismegistus

• Hermes merged with Thoth

• Wrote the Corpus Hermeticum

• Personifying the fusion of Egyptian and Greek intellectual traditions

• Syncretism

Horapollo

• Author of Hieroglyphica

• Interpreted hieroglyphs as depicting ideas rather than sounds or direct words

• Cemented that hieroglyphs were symbolic, not phonetic

• Delayed the decipherment of hieroglyphs for a long time

Montuemhet

• Kushite immigrant

• Revived monumental tombs at Thebes and created new massive underground complexes

• Kushite official who build his own societal tomb

• black statue of a fam from the shoulders up

Mummies

• Played a central role in Egyptian funerary beliefs

• Evolved from preservation of the body to creating a sacred object and a vessel fro the soul

• Available to elite at start and eventually everyone

• Many cases animals were mummified as offerings

Naga

• Nubian site during the Meroitic period

• Includes important temples

• Shows interweaving of Kushite, Egyptian and Hellenistic influences

• Includes the Apedemak temple

Natron

• Naturally occuring white chemical substance used in mummification

• body packed with natron and exterior of the body

• Dehydrating agent

• Also used in glass making

Nut

• Goddess of the sky, stars, cosmos, and the heavens above

• Also associated with resurrection

• Believed to swallow the sun every night and give birth to it every day

• Human woman arching over the earth

Opening of the Mouth

• Ritual associated with funerary ceremonies

• Restored the deceased’s senses (ka) for the afterlife

• Performed by a lector priest

• Used a variety of tools such as adze

Osiris

• Egyptian god of the dead

• Father of Horus

• Killed by Seth

• Fertility, dead king considered to turn into Osiris in the afterlife

Philae

• Temple complex on an island in the NIle

• Egyptian temple with greek inspirations, and kushite lions

• Show the persistence of Egyptian religion under foreign rule

• Center for cultural change

Phyle

• Teams responsible for the cult of the deceased king

• Served in rotation to perform daily duties

• Offerings, rituals, guard service

• Part-time priests and workers

Ptah-Sokar_Osirirs

• Merged deity of Ptah, Sokar and Osiris

• Assisted the deceased in the afterlife

• Small figurines with a spell inside found in tombs

• Reflects the trend of syncretism and democratization of access to powerful divine assistance in the afterlife during the later periods

Pyramid Texts

• Exclusive royal roadmaps to immortality

• Collection of spells, prayers, hymns, and instructions to guide the king through death

• Later democratized

• Inscribed inside tombs

Qadeshet

• Canaanite deity, linked with Re

• Chapels dedicated in Memphis

• Egyptian theology was open to incorperating foreign deities

• Nude lady with a moon disk on her head, standing on a lion, holding a spear with a snake, and flowers

Reshep

• Canaanite deity who was adopted into the Egyptian pantheon

• Got of war, storms, and sudden death and healing and protection

• Temples in Memphis

• Man with white crown with an antelope head at the front

Saqqara

• major necropolis and burial sight for Apis bull

• Imagery of a cow carrying a deceased

• Location of step pyramid of Djoser

• Catacombs where apis bull is placed in sarcophagi

Sem Priest

• For of priest commonly associated with the use of a leopoard skin cloak

• Played a big role in the opening of the mouth

• Acted as horus in rituals

• Linked to the deceased as a stand-in

Serapis

• New deity created by ptolemy to unify greeks and egyptians

• Osiris and Apis and zeus, helios, dionysus, ascelpius and hades

• Associated with Abundance, resurection, healing, and underworld

• Bearded man with a pot on his head

Setna Khamwas

• Character in Egyptian Literature

• Involved in a quest for magical books

• Encounters mummies ghosts, powerful sorcerers and moral dilemmas

• Inspired by Ramses II

Snefru

• 4th Dynasty Pharaoh

• build 3 pyramids

• layed the ground work for pyramids at Giza

• Bent Pyramid, Red Pyramid, Myramid ad Meidum

Sons of Horus

• 4 dieties that protected the internal organs of teh deceased

• Each son responsible for a specific organ

• Human head: liver

• Baboon: lungs

• Jackal: stomach

• Falcon: intestines

Taharqa

• Kishite king who ruled over Egypt and Nubia

• Brought revival of egyptian culture and religion

• Involved in Cult of Amun, amun and ram imagery

• Depicted wearing a cap crown with 2 ureasu on it

Tanis

• Egyptian city located in the northeastern Nile Delta.

• Royal Necropolises containing undisturbed tombs

• undisturbed tombs of several pharoahs and high officials

• Tombs contained a lot of precious metals

Unas

• Last Pharaoh of the 5th Dynasty

• Known for his pyramid at Saqqara

• Having the first pyramid texts

• Texts written all ofver the walls in the tomb

Ushabti

• Humanoid figurine often found in grave sites and tombs

• Act as workers who perform tasks for the deceased.

• Made from a variety of materials

• Small mummiform figures with arms crossed