-ISMS

Liberalism

belief in modern, efficient, and reasonable, desire parliaments with responsible government, free press, speech, assembly, Fear of mob rule (democracy). Rights of man with emphasis on property, laissez-faire, limiting govt. actions, lower tariffs, free trade, progress through wealth, technical change, anti-military. (bourgeoisie) (individual rights, freedom and equality, high value on representative and responsible govt w/ discussion, didn’t like capitalism, wanted to help working class by establishing unions, many whigs and few Torries, usually businessmen, writer, international wanted freedom of trade against tariffs, arose in Spain in opposition to France opposition of royalism, more mid to right, want constitutional monarchy, lasseiz-fairre don’t want govt, involved)

Radicalism

reconstruct laws, courts, prisons, poor relief, municipal organization, rotten boroughs. Reform parliament, church of England, the peerage, and the squirearchy. Favored manhood suffrage. (working class)

Socialism

similar to ideas of Robespierre and the egalitarian ideals of the First Republic, govt. takes over economy and planes and distributed wealth equally in society. (focused in economics, wanted balance not the wealthy to have unlimited economic and political power)

Conservatism

based on institutions of the monarchy, aristocracy, and church, built on Burke, change to institutions comes gradually. (nobility)

Individualism

advocated focus on oneself and one’s personal beliefs, associated with lassiez-faire. (right-wing)

Constitutionalism

advocated for limitation of govt. through the constitution (slightly liberal)

Humanitarianism

desires to better the suffering in society, wanted to do something about the suffering, people moved by misery of poor and slaves, wanted to get rid of degrading humanity

Feminism

advocated for women’s suffrage (left-wind) (expand rights of women, rights of man existed for women they are equal, reform laws that regulate family life, laid ground work for voting rights and rights to own property)

Monarchism

maintaining throne and altar, advocated for absolute monarchy.

Nationalism

sovereign state representing the people, those who speak the language, and share the traditions and customs. World is divided into nations, personal pride in ones nation (radical) (w. political consciousness, mainly Italy and Germany, often radical, secret societies, led to unified German state later to WWI and WWII. E. loyalty and pride of the people, culture, language, history, keep everyone together, Slavic revival)

Communism

radical movement where the economics are eliminated, system, where productivity in society is not based on wealth, “give what you can, take what you need”, socialism is a step in communism

Capitalism

control of capital through private ownership, mercantilism or lassiez-faire (moderate/right-wing)

Marxism

an influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a communist state.

Romanticism

new way of sensing human experience, love of the unclassifiable (moods, impressions, experiences, idiosyncrasies), valued emotion, subconscious (feeling and reason), love of mystery, strange distant societies, nostalgia for middle ages (dark ages), concern for expression of inner genius, genius of an individual, a people (volksgeist) or an epoch (weltanschauung). Artistic movement that counters enlightenment, likes traditions of the past (either side of spectrum) (ideology; literary, artists, and philosophical movement, emphasized emotion and individualism, glorified nature and the past, celebrated individual imagination and intuition, preferred medieval art/ideas to classical ones, reaction that opposed the enlightenment, rationalism, and physical materialism. Lord Byron, British poet, George sand, French novelist and journalist, Friedrich von schiller German playwright, poet and philosopher.

Republicanism

opposed church and monarchy , advocated for the republic (male suffrage, govt that had parliament no monarchy no clergy, ideas grew secret societies. More left leaning, would overthrow govt. lol radicalism -->Republicanism -->socialism.)