Posc 225 Cohen Final (Test Three)

Common Sense

by Thomas Paine, pro revolution propaganda, spurred the independence movement

Partisan Press

mutually beneficial relationship between the parties and the newspapers-- also between the politicians and the publishers

Jacksonian journalism

Jackson developed a close relationship with the Washington globe, gave positive coverage in exchange for lucrative government contracts, spoils system in full effect, he threatened the idea of freedom of the press

Penny press

cheaper to print: papers became more profitable without government subsidies, decreased expenses and increased their printing, became financially independent of political parties, could appeal to the masses, focused less on politics and more on human interest stories, didn't want to alienate certain readers

Yellow Journalism

sensationalization of the news, got the public excited about the news

Publishing Moguls

all well connected men that were nationwide opinion leaders that had news chains in multiple cities

muckraking

articles that exposed political corruptions and predatory corporate practices, prompted reform movements

first radio station

1920; KDKA in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania

radio challenges newspapers

early years radio stayed out of politics, played music, shows, interviews, was generally for entertainment; by 1940 most people were getting news from the radio (Roosevelt fireside talks)

FCC

federal communication commission: regulates broadcasting and the networks, limits the consolidation of ownership of organization and monopolies

cable tv

changed broadcasting, gave viewers a variety of choices from what used to be everyone watching the network news

Where do people get news about presidential campaigns?

more and more from internet, less and less from papers

goals of politicians and journalists

-to get reelected

-to have people read their stories, make money, and inform the public

pork barrel spending

the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district

incentives for politicians and journalists

how they can use each to achieve goals

p using j

wider audience and can get the message across to a broader public, makes it easier to get an unfiltered message out

j using p

gain ratings and viewers, gain information and can get named or unnamed information, insider info

Koppel

Nightlife, a political new-show: read names of soldiers who died in the Iraq war, was controversial, Bush admin felt it was showing the failures of the war

Crime example for agenda setting, priming, and framing

people were convinced the crime rate was increasing when it was actually decreasing, due to the fact 2/3 of respondents getting their info from the tv and not their own experiences or their friends experiences, media has the power to change the perception of the world

racial bias

can be conveyed depending on how a news story is presented

horse race coverage

cover campaign races like they cover a horse race: follows the best candidate, indicting who is ahead, the actual news and policies candidates stand for is forgotten

shrinking sound bites

-clip of audio played on the news

-sound bites used to be much longer (about 40 secs) and now are much shorter (usually under 8 secs)

-leads to the public not knowing as many details and making uninformed decisions

-takes peoples words out of context

debates

-watching on tv and listening on the radio can cause great differences in opinion on who won; more unbiased listening on radio

-win based on people talking about you after the debate is over(keep the conversation going)

conventions

-where candidates are officially nominated to be president and Vice President

-formal nomination process occurs much before the actual convention

-not covered as much now

-used as a way for way for political parties to showcase candidates, platforms, and present a united front to the party

livingroomcandidate.org

has pretty much every presidential ad from 1952-2016

campaign ads

the use of paid media to influence the decisions made for and by groups; largest expense is for electronic media advertising

Daisy Ad (1964)

-Johnson(incumbent) against Goldwater

-Goldwater threatened nuclear weapons to end the war tactically which no one thought to do

-little girl counting daisy petals, then getting 'blown up'

-was only ran once, was controversial and edgy the media picked it up and then ran up over and over and over again

-free publicity

Willie Horton Ad (1988)

-ran once

-Bush against Ducocuss (trying to portray as weak on national defense and crime with Bush the opposite)

-distortion of the facts

-blames politician for criminal doings of another person

-felt it was a racist commercial, linked crime to African Americans

-signaled Bush would protect the public from African Americans

Windsurfing ad (2004)

-wishy-washy

-votes 'whichever way the wind blows'

-Is successful because its funny, lots of content and portrays him as a flip-flopper

-Bush campaign uses footage of Kerry windsurfing

-made Kerry seem out of touch with Americans

Negative Ads

-question credibility, policies, personal lives, and personalities of opponents

-all about defining your opponent before they can define you or even themselves

-seems to work; people say they hate neg campaigning but it works, they hate it but remember it

-targets are the rationally ignorant voters who have not made up their minds

advertising staples

simplicity, repetition, exaggeration, and symbolism

free campaign ads

allows candidates to reap benefits of the ad without having to pay for it; talk shows are a big one

gaffe

a clumsy social error that hurts/ends a politician's campaign

Sherman

instructed the reporter who wanted the truth not to print it because then the enemy would be better informed

Gulf War I

assumably the last conflict where the military could hope to 'contain' news reports form the front

current Iraq war

a small army of print and broadcast journalists descended on Iraq equipped with satellite phones and video transmission backpacks

party identification

a huge predictor of vote, rely on it when deciding who to vote for

medias role in the presidential nomination

media plays a role in determining who people vote for depending on who they cover

great mentioner

mention who they think is viable, who they think can compete; if you get mentioned you're more viable (helps your campaign)

great winnower

-media tries to narrow down the field to give more coverage to candidates who are doing better

-not talking about candidates makes it hard for them to gain support

idealogical bias

-skeptical of the news media

-journalists- substantially to the left of the adult pop, gap is small on economic issues but large on social cultural issues; voting behaviors differ

-the media is hard on certain candidates; harder on incumbents, losers, and those caught in scandal regardless of party

-newspapers endorse republicans more than democrats

-media endorses democrats more

-ideological bias is not as clear as you may think

selection bias

selecting media that already aligns with your political views

professional bias

-bias towards infotainment (info and entertainment)

-want to make money$$

-want viewers and clicks and such

-media is a money making industry

civil rights

-Specific rights that embody the general right to equal treatment under the law; protected BY the government; rights given to us by the government

civil liberties

-provided for by the constitution therefore the gov cannot take them away form us

-mostly the bill of rights

-Fundamental freedoms that together preserve the rights of a free people

-protections FROM government power

5 important constitutional issues involved in securing civil rights

-state's rights

-tyranny of the majority

-seperation of powers

-self-interested factions

-interest group politics

reconstruction

-had to be a country again, live and work together again

-significant effort from the north to reconstruct the south, economically politically and socially

-new group of African Americans involved in politics for the first time

-was a social reconstruction of the south

-complicating: African Americans now counted as full votes, more seats in the house mostly democratic, reps worried they would lose their hold on congress, sent down troops to make sure African Americans could vote and vote republican. Rep party did this partially for political reasons but also for a smooth

-transition into the reconstruction, lasted about 10 years

13th amendment

formally emancipated the slaves

14th amendment

granted citizenship to African Americans; due process and equal protection clauses

15th amendment

guaranteed African American men the right to vote

Equal Protection Clause

-no STATE can deny its people equal protection under the law regardless of characteristics

-eventually applies the bill of rights

Jim Crow laws

-were passed by state and local govs and adopted across the south to systemically disenfranchise and segregate African-Americans (schools, hospitals, prisons, parks, restrooms, housing, buses, all public accommodations)

-were not equal facilities, African American ones were not funded to the extent of white ones

-politically blacks were rendered powerless

-Clear violations of 14 and 15 amendments but supreme court interprets constitution and upheld them

white primary

A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote; most African Americans could not afford this

literacy test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote

grandfather clause

allowed people to vote if their grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

-separate but equal is OK (OK to have separate facilities as long as they are in fact equal)

-was a culmination of narrow reading and the 14th amendment

New Deal

-programs helped African Americans economically and gain new political power

-Democratic Party sees an opportunity to gain votes

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Dixiecrats

-splinter formed party

-any of the Southern Democrats who seceded from the party in 1948 in opposition to its policy of extending civil rights

-led by Strom Thurmond

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

outlaws white primary

Shelly v. Kraemer (1948)

outlaws restrictive housing contracts- people are now allowed to re-sell houses to African Americans

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

first major blow to 'separate but equal' precedent because University of Texas opened a single black student law school- unconstitutional

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

-desegregates the schools, massive southern resistance

-Thurgood Marshall was the African American who argued the case in the Supreme Court

-became the new precedent on the issue, supersedes Plessy

-Earl Warren, the Chief Justice, wrote the majority opinion says education is the foundation of good citizenship so it needs to be equal to all

Johnson's civil rights act of 1915

passed to try and gain southern democratic followers, was watered down and didn't have much of an impact, had to try and convince the people he is friendly to civil rights

civil rights movement

-Leader was Martin Luther King

-began in Montgomery Alabama w rosa parks

-began Montgomery bus boycott

-boycotts are a way of economically enforcing change

-make concessions bc they want your money back

-planned the thing to get her arrested to start a boycott

-city gov decided to negotiate w mlk and eased some of the laws and African americans went back to riding the bus

sit in

when African Americans would go to a whites only facility and demand service and equal treatment

NVDA

Non-violent direct action; goal is to provoke aggression from the other side to make your side look better

Civil Rights Act of 1964

-outlaws all forms of discrimination on basis of race and sex

-congress supersedes state law with this legislation

-public accommodations must be desegregated

-rep party now seen as party against civil rights

why aa's vote 95% for dem

-huge success south is not desegregated

-voting rights not included though so wants a voting right

Selma March (1965)

March to capital of Montgomery to the governor's mansion to demand equal voting rights, cross Edmund Pettus bridge and are met by AL state troopers who say you have 90 secs to disperse or else, 30 secs later they begin beating the marchers, march ends and the cameras are there recording it all, unarmed peaceful protesters beaten, leads directly to legislation

Voting Rights Act of 1965

-secures the right for African Americans to vote in the south

-if southern states want to change voting laws they need to clear it with the justice department now

de jure

segregation by law

de facto

economic, social, and cultural segregation by practice

fair housing

-no fair housing legislation

-poorer neighborhoods tended to be minority neighborhoods

-northern city racism/poverty tended to be worse than that in rural southern areas

"Brown Power"

mirrored the black power movement; a cry for equality for Hispanic community

Cesar Chavez

-major figure, charismatic leader tied in with prominent democratic white leaders

-led the farm workers union

-led strikes and boycotts of major food industries

-focused on working conditions in the fields and fought for better regulations for farm workers

huelga

strike

immigration

-legal v illegal

-Hispanics are becoming increasingly powerful politically bc they are becoming a larger population as long as they vote this can lead to increased political power

Asian Americans

-only recently became a part of politics

-Compensation for those interred during WWII

Native Americans

-No constitutional protections exist

-Economic help has been made available (highest poverty group of any racial/ethnic group in the US)

19th Amendment (1919)

-gave women the right to vote

-had little trouble exercising this right since achieving it

4 civil rights women have achieved

-Right to equal treatment before the law

-Tough enforcement of this right

-Right not to be sexually harassed in the workplace

-Access to state-funded military academies

Stonewall Riots

-New York city - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement

Harvy Milk

1970, first openly gay man elected to office

Gay Pride Movement

the positive stance against discrimination and violence toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to promote their self-affirmation, dignity, equality rights, increase their visibility as a social group, build community, and celebrate sexual diversity and gender variance

Hate Crime Legislation

harsher punishment if you do something based on ones sexual orientation or ethnicity

Defense of Marriage Act (1996)

-states that didn't want to recognize same sex marriage preformed in other states does not have to

-supreme court in 2015 said same sex marriage is a constitutional right, legal In all 50 states now

Gays in the military

-don't ask don't tell (could not openly serve)

-now they can openly serve

AARP

-American Association of Retired Persons

-org that is about 35-40 mil strong

-need to be 50 to join

-fight for the rights of elderly

Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

required that stated provide disabled children with the ability to learn

Americans with disabilities act (1990)

passed in bipartisan fashion, facilities had to be wheel chair accessible; provided access for those with disabilities

incorporation

applying the Bill of Rights to the states

due process clause

all persons enjoy the same civil liberties and rights which STATES cannot deny without the due process of law (can't deny peoples rights without following the legal process)

Amendment issues

-freedom of speech, press, and religion (1st amendment)

-rights of the accused (4th, 5th, 6th amendments)

-rights to privacy (4th and 9th amendments)

unpopular speech

-threatening: not protected by the constitution "Fire!" in a crowded room

-non threatening: is protected by the constitution "I support the KKK"

kkk

1969 case was overturned and held that speech endorsing lawlessness could not be punished unless the lawless act was eminent

nazis

1977 allowed the neo-Nazis to march with their whole outfit through a jewish neighborhood in Illinois

prior restraint

when a gov or other admin body tried to prevent the spread of speech, essentially gov sensor-ship of the press and media

libel

written form of false and malicious information that damages another person's reputation

slander

spoken form of false and malicious information that damages another person's reputation

Establishment clause

-congress must not pass any legislation establishing a particular religion, cannot favor one religion over another

-court allowed federal gov to subsidize a catholic hospital who took all religion patients

-most of the controversies have concerned the ways states have chosen to subsidize private and religious schools; largely funded privately

neutrality test

-replaced the lemon test

-as long as a state law did not favor religious groups over non religious groups then the law was okay (better at determining neutrality)