Gene Expression & Mutations

A collection of flashcards that cover key vocabulary related to gene expression, cell differentiation, and mutations.

Gene expression

The process of activating certain genes to produce proteins through transcription and translation.

Gene regulation

The ability of an organism to control which genes are expressed in response to signals, turning them on and off.

Cell differentiation

The process by which an unspecialized cell develops into a specialized cell with a defined structure and function.

Stem cells

Cells that have not become specialized yet and have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell.

Insertion mutation

A type of mutation where extra nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence, potentially altering the gene.

Substitution mutation

A point mutation in which one base in the DNA sequence is exchanged for another, which may affect one amino acid.

Point mutation

A mutation affecting a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can lead to changes in protein structure.

Frameshift mutation

Mutations caused by insertions or deletions that alter the reading frame of the genetic message.

Mutagen

Substances or agents that cause mutations, which can affect the DNA structure and sequence.

Lac operon

A cluster of genes responsible for lactose digestion in bacteria, activated only when lactose is present.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A condition caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy that can lead to developmental disorders.

Tay Sachs Disease

A fatal genetic disorder caused by a mutation that prevents the production of an enzyme needed for breaking down a fatty substance.

Cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder caused by a frameshift mutation, affecting the lungs and digestive system due to faulty ion channels.

Beneficial mutation

A genetic change that provides an advantage and may enhance survival and reproduction.