Bio1

Cells

Cells

All living organisms are made up of _______

Zygote

Fertilized sperm cell and egg cell

Multi cellular

Organisms that are made up of multiple cells

Unicellular

Organisms that are made up of only 1 cell

Francesco redi

An Italian physician who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis which state that living organisms originated from non living organism

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

a dutch naturalist who first coined the word “animalcules” which means little animals his discovery was published in 1674 in his book micrographia later it was known that what he discovered were protozoa and bacteria

Micrographia

The book that Anton van Leeuwenhoek wrote

Robert hooke

He coined the term cell

Robert brown

He discovered a black colored part at the center of the cell and called it nucleus

Felix dujardin

Discovered cytoplasm

Johannes purkinje

He coined the term protoplasm

Protoplasm

Nucleoplasm + cytoplasm = _______

Matthias schleiden

He discovered that all plants are made up of cell

Theodor scwan

He discovered that all animals are made up of cell

Rudolf Virchow

He said that all cells arises from pre-existing cell

louis pasteur

he disproved the theory of abiogenesis and the cells only come from another cell. he called the theory of biogenesis

henri dutrochet

he says that cells are the basic unit of life

animal cell

this cell is generally smaller than plant cells

plant cell

this type of eukaryotic cell is typically rectangular or cubed shaped

cell membrane

(animal cell) it surround the cytoplasm of the cell. its also the first line of defense and gives form and shape to the cell

cytosome

(animal cell) this is composed of two distinct parts called the cytoplasm and organelles

cytoplasm

______ is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds organelles, where many cellular activities take place.

organelles

(animal cell) it translates to little organs they are small sub units of cells that help the cell function and survive

golgi apparatus

(animal cell organelles) is an organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for processing, modifying, and packaging proteins for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

(animal cell organelles) is a network of membranes studded with ribosomes involved in protein synthesis.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

they are a endoplasmic reticulum that HAVE RIBOSOME

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(animal cell organelles) is a cell organelle responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and storage of calcium ions.

cytoskeleton

(animal cell organelles) The __________ is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support and helps the cell maintain its shape

vacuole

A __________ is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, responsible for storage, waste disposal, and maintaining turgor pressure.

lysosome

(animal cell organelles) organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris and also called as the garbage bag of the cell

peroxisome

(animal cell organelles) Organelle responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the cell, containing enzymes that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

nucleus

(animal cell) is the central organelle in a cell that contains the genetic material and controls the cell's activities is also the control center of the cell

nuclear membrane

(animal cell nucleus) is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. It contains pores that regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus, allowing for communication between the nucleus and the rest of the cell.

chromosomes

(animal cell nucleus) thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

nuclear sap

(animal cell nucleus) is the fluid found within the nucleus of a cell, where it plays a crucial role in various cellular processes such as gene expression and DNA replication.

DNA

(animal cell nucleus) the information molecule of all living cell

ribosome

(animal cell nucleus) is a cell organelle responsible for protein synthesis, where RNA and protein are assembled using instructions from mRNA.

nucleolus

The ______ is a structure found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, responsible for producing ribosomal RNA and assembling ribosomes also in the middle of the nucleus

cell wall

(plant cell) is a rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane of plant cells, providing structural support and protection.

cell membrane

(plant cell) it is the outer boundary of the cell it encloses the cytoplasm and the organelles of the cell it is also semi permeable

cytoplasm

it is the gooey, semi transparent fluid in which the organelles are suspended it also processes such as breaking down food molecules into smaller molecules

chloroplast

(organelles of plant cell) an elongated or disk shaped organelles containing chlorophyll, the process of photosynthesis also happens in this region

chlorophyll

the green pigment that absorbs energy from sunlight to make food for the plants

cytoskeleton

(organelles of plants) they maintain the shape and gives support to the cell

microtubules

(organelles of plant cell) they are hollow cylinder like structures found in the cytoplasm of the cell. its function is to transport and structural support

microfilaments

(organelles of plant cell) are solid rod like structure whose primary function is structural support

plasmodesmata

(organelles of plant cell) microscopic channels which travers the cell walls of plant cell and enables transport and communication between them

vacuole

(organelles of plant cell) known as the cell storage center, they perform functions of secretion excretion and storage

tonoplast

a vacuole that is surrounded by a membrane

plastids

(organelles of plant cell) storage of organelles they store products like starch for synthesis of fatty acids and terpenes

chromoplast

(plastids in the plant cell) are colored plastids and they contain various pigments like yellow orange and red, they are commonly found in flowers

chromo

it means color

plast

it means living

leucoplast

(plastids in the plant cell) colorless plastids and occur in parts of plants that are not exposed to light like roots and seeds

ribosome

(organelles of plant cell) the smallest and the most abundant cell organelle and are site of protein synthesis

endoplasmic reticulum

(organelles of plant cell) composed of RER and SER they are also responsible for protein translation and protein transport

mitochondria

(organelles of plant cell) the power house of the cell

lysosome

(organelles of plant cell) they digests excess or worn out organelles, food particles and foreign bodies

microbody

(organelles of plant cell) it is a single membrane bound organelles that comprises of degradative enzymes

prokaryote

an organism that is almost always single celled

binary fission

prokaryote reproduce by this means

eukaryote

an organism that can either be single celled or MULTI celled

epithelial tissue

it covers the body surfaces and lines body cavities

squamous epithelium

flattened cells

cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped cells

columnar epithelium

elongated cells

connective tissue

it supports and binds other tissues in the body

loose connective cells

occurs beneath the epithelium in the skin and many internal organs such as lungs arteries and urinary bladder

collagenous fibers

(LCT) are made of collagens and consists of bundles of fibrils that are coils of collagen molecules

elastic fibers

(LCT) are made of the protein elastin and are stretchable

reticular fibers

(LCT) they join connective tissues to other tissues

fibrous connective tissue

has many collagen closely packed together.

tendons

it connects muscle to bone

joint

connects bone to bone

adipose tissue

(type of specialized connective tissue) has enlarged fibroblasts storing fats and reduced intracellular matrix

cartilage

(type of specialized connective tissue) has structural proteins deposited in the matrix between the cells

bones

has calcium salts in the matrix giving it greater rigidity and strength it also serves as a reservoir for calcium

blood

(type of specialized connective tissue) is a connective tissue of cells separated by a liquid (plasma) matrix

red blood cells

they carry oxygen

white blood cells

they function in the immune system

muscle tissue

facilitates movement of the animal by contraction of the individual muscle cells

nervous tissue

function in the integrated of stimulus and control of response to that stimuluis

neurons

function unit of the nervous system

dendrites

receive information from the another cell and transmit to the cell body

cell body

(neurons) contains nucleus

axon

conducts messages away from the cell body

glial

in direct contact with the neurons and often surrounds them

somatic cells

they contain 46 chromosomes they also reproduce rapidly

sex cells

reproductive cells and found in the sex organs in human the contain 23 chromosomes they do not reproduces as rapidly as the somatic cells

ground tissue

the ground tissue of the vascular plant is responsible for storing the carbohydrates

meristematic cells

gives rise to all three fundamentals mature cell types