Problems with Cloning

These flashcards focus on the key problems associated with cloning in plants, their consequences, and potential solutions.

Cloning does not always maintain genetic purity due to __ in the apical meristem.

latent mutations, bud sport, or chimeras.

One solution to avoid clonal mutation is to use other methods of asexual plant propagation such as __.

stem cuttings, grafting, division of the crown, or layering.

Overuse of clones creates __, making plants genetically vulnerable to diseases.

monocultures.

Diseases can be propagated within clones, mainly from __ or endogenous sources.

systemic bacteria, fungi, viruses, or nematodes.

One way to prevent diseases in propagated clones is to use __ plants for propagation.

disease and insect-free stock.

A major disadvantage of asexual propagation techniques compared to seeds is their __.

higher cost.

A monoculture is the mass production of a single, __ crop.

genetically uniform.

Viruses are not usually transmitted through __ from an infected plant.

the hard seed coat.

Symptoms of virus-infected plants can include stunted growth and __ of leaves.

chlorosis.

Mechanical means of spreading disease pathogens can include __ with infected plants.

touching and using pruning shears.

Degeneration of a clone leads to reduced quality due to __ over time.

accumulation of pathogens.

Methods to detect viruses in plants include virus indexing and __.

electron microscopy.

The act of pollen transfer can spread diseases, particularly in the __ family.

rose.

One solution to avoid vulnerabilities in urban trees is to plant no more than __ of a single genus.

10%.

The use of __ helps in managing the micropropagation system effectively and maintaining genetic purity.

scouting and retesting cultivars.

Heat treatment can be used to kill pathogens and involves __ parts of the plant to high temperatures.

subjecting.

Adjusting your __ in the agar solution can help avoid excessive adventitious shoot production in micropropagation.

PGR (plant growth regulator).