KNS 200 Exam 1

What does a collective, documented “memory” do in relation to history

provides reason and insight, which guides action intelligently (avoiding errors of the past)

most important research tool for historians

libraries

classical era

anatomy, physiology, movement

early modern era

anatomy applications and biomechanics

founder of biomechanics

borelli

What was movement influenced by in the early modern era?

culture

prominent figures in the early modern era

Da Vinci, Decartes, Borelli

Industrial/Technological Revolutions

physical labor performance/injury prevention

frederick winslow taylor

“efficiency movement” — improving efficiency and quality of life

What happened in the industrial/technological revolution era in regards to kinesiology

human development and learning: victorian baby biographies

health, physiology, and leisure (“the good life,” watching sports as leisure)

world wars and great depression

performance psychology and physiology

what fraction of WW2 draftees were unfit to serve

1/3

august krogh

cycle ergometer (low tech compared to today), in the world wars and great depression era

information age

increasing inclusion for military and support

when did school-based physical fitness testing start?

information age

who had a personal stake in the information age?

dwight eisenhower (heart attack)

two prominent figures in the information age that led to title ix being approved

jackie robinson and kathrine switzer (first woman to run boston marathon)

when was title ix approved?

1972

two doctors that had an impact on health and movement in the information age

dr. morris and dr. paffenburger

what research did dr. morris do?

double decker bus drivers vs conductors; started interest in epidemiology

what research did dr. paffenburger do?

kcal expenditure in longshoremen; burning more calories in work lowers risk for heart disease

what was there an increased public interest of in the information age?

jogging, aerobics, fitness classes

when did the evolution of computers and the introduction of low-cost tech occur?

1980s

when did exercise psychology split from sports psychology?

1980s

when did evidence-based national reports begin?

1990s

what year was the very first physical activity guidelines for adults?

2008 (updated in 2018)

what were the first evidence-based national reports?

NIH consensus and development panel: pa and cvd; us surgeon general report: pa and health

historically, high quality, funded research in kinesiology, health, and medicine has been conducted by and on:

white men

negative impacts on applied healthcare

-results and applications not as widely generalizable as needed

-unfair to men (burden of experimental treatment) and women (inaccurate/unhelpful/harmful treatment)

-lack of cross-cultural training of health professionals

-mistrust in the research and medical community

-health disparities

exercise science is founded on research over the last ____ years

100 (mostly 50)

influential researcher today

panteleimon ekkekakis

who should consume science?

researchers, teachers, practitioners

key difference between scientific and non-scientific literature

rigorous peer review

primary peer-reviewed literature

basic or applied, single study, articles contain key sections (purpose, methods, results, conclusions)

main drawback of primary peer-reviewed literature

literature is vast

secondary peer-reviewed literature

reviews, books, book chapters; summarize and synthesize an existing body of literature; useful source to identify primary references

main drawback of secondary peer-reviewed literature

can become out of date and reviews are more subjective

value of nonscientific literature

subjective and opinion based

do not undergo peer review

dissemination to the lay public

impetus for scientific study

do not cite as sources in research articles, papers, or presentations

abstract

brief study overview (150-250 words), no major details

read to determine if study is relevant to your needs

introduction

three goals: provide relevant background, purpose statement, and hypothesis

read to determine whether or not the study is justified/properly rationalized

methods

overall experiment design, participant characteristics and how they were recruited, instrumentation, tests conducted, statistical analysis

read to determine validity of study

different types of validity

internal, external, ecological

results

outcomes of all statistical tests using text, tables, and figures

read to determine importance of study outcomes

discussion

relate study findings back to background work and wider theory, compare and contrast with similar investigations, develop basis for future research

read to remember primary importance of study

references

list of all works cited, information to locate these sources

read to determine if authors are using up to date literature and find additional articles

textbooks

education through summarizing key literature; covers numerous topics

professional books

specialized topic; facilitates development of future research

different types of reviews

narrative and meta-analytic

narrative review

-summarize existing research to draw conclusions and develop future research ideas

-systematic and nonsystematic

systematic

clear, replicable search strategy

non-systematic

expert-driven

meta-analytic review

-statistically analyze effects using results from numerous articles

-draw conclusions about a particular question

bloom’s taxonomy

cognitive domain (remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating)

active study cycle

preview, attend, review, study, check, repeat

color coded notes

write down key points in red, highlight important information in yellow, organize topics by color

SQ3R study method

reading technique

survey, question, read, recite, review

retrieval practice

recalling an answer to a question improves learning more than looking for an answer in your textbook

leitner system

better way to use flashcards: every card starts in box 1, then move to the next box when you get it right

feynman technique

learn concept quickly by explaining it in plain and simple terms

mind mapping

visually organize information in a diagram

morality vs ethics

morality comes up in conversations around religion and philosphy; more personal/cultural; gut feeling

ethics are described in circles of law, medine, and business; more broad understanding; rules by external source

Different tests for ethics

legal test, stench test, front page test, mom test

tom l beauchamp and james f childress

authors that defined ethical considerations

autonomy

the right of individuals to make their own choices

beneficience

principle of acting with the best interests of the other person in mind

nonmaleficence

Hippocratic Oath: “do no harm”

human anatomy

branch of biology that investigates structure of human body

what does human anatomy include?

structure of bones, muscles, and organs and the relationship between structure and function

applied anatomy

integrating structure and form

integumentary system

provides basic protection from the external environment (hair, skin, nails)

skeletal system

provides support (bones, cartilage, connective tissue)

muscular system

provides movement (muscles, tendons)

why study applied anatomy?

teach others how to strengthen and improve function, maintain optimal function, prevent injury, and improve health literacy and patient outcomes

living anatomy

learning through real life experience

histological anatomy

direct study of body tissues

imaging technology

xray, ct scan, mri, ultrasound

in vivo measures

in life, usually a biopsy

reference position

standing, arms down, facing straight ahead, feet together, palms forward

supinated

facing outward (forearms are supinated in reference position)

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

superior

above another structure

inferior

below another structure

anterior

in front

posterior

in back, behind

sagittal plane

divides body into right and left halves

goes around mediolateral axis

mediolateral axis

through left side and out right side

through sagittal plane

sagittal plane movements

flexion, extension, hyperextension

walking, running, squatting

frontal plane

divides body into front and back halves

goes around anteroposterior axis

anteroposterior axis

through stomach and out the back

through frontal plane

frontal plane movements

abduction, adduction

jumping jacks, cartwheels

transverse plane

divides body into top and bottom halves

around superoinferior axis

superoinferior axis

through head, down through the feet

through transverse plane

transverse plane movements

internal (medial) rotation, external (lateral) rotation

any twisting motion

flexion

decreasing the angle between adjoining segments

extension

increasing the angle between adjoining segments

hyperextension

extension going beyond anatomical position

abduction

movement away from midline

adduction

movement toward midline

internal (medial) rotation

rotation about the longitudinal axis of the bone toward the midline