How is Inheritance explained?

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VCE Biology Unit 2, AoS1

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19 Terms

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Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs in a cell which carry the same genes at the same gene loci, however the alleles may differ.

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Nucleic acid monomer (draw a diagram)

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Gene

A section of DNA that codes for protein

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Chromosomes

A molecule of DNA, coiled and recoiled around histones.

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Genome

The complete set of DNA contained within the haploid set of an organism’s chromosomes

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Karyotype

A photograph of a person’s chromosomes lined up in order of size

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Alleles

Different forms of the same gene

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Genotype

The combination of alleles at a given gene locus

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Phenotype

the physical expression of a trait, based on that genotype

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Chiasma

A point at which chromosomes cross over

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Dominant

The dominant trait will be expressed in the organism if the allele is present

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Recessive

A recessive trait will be expressed when two copies of the allele for this trait are present

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Heterozygous

An organism with 2 different alleles (eg. Aa)

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Homozygous

An organism with 2 copies of the same allele (eg. AA or aa)

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Gregor Mendel

An Austrian monk who bred many pea plants and studied their traits

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Punnett square

A grid used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of two parents’ offspring.

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Incomplete Dominance

Occurs when neither trait is completely dominant over the other. The heterozygote will have an intermediate phenotype.

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Codominance

Occurs when both traits are dominant. The heterozygote will display both traits as both alleles are expressed.

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Test Crosses

A test performed to deduce the genotype of an organism that displays the dominant phenotype. This is done by crossing the ‘unknown’ genotype organism with an organism with a known phenotype and looking at the phenotypes in the offspring.