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Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs in a cell which carry the same genes at the same gene loci, however the alleles may differ.
Nucleic acid monomer (draw a diagram)
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for protein
Chromosomes
A molecule of DNA, coiled and recoiled around histones.
Genome
The complete set of DNA contained within the haploid set of an organism’s chromosomes
Karyotype
A photograph of a person’s chromosomes lined up in order of size
Alleles
Different forms of the same gene
Genotype
The combination of alleles at a given gene locus
Phenotype
the physical expression of a trait, based on that genotype
Chiasma
A point at which chromosomes cross over
Dominant
The dominant trait will be expressed in the organism if the allele is present
Recessive
A recessive trait will be expressed when two copies of the allele for this trait are present
Heterozygous
An organism with 2 different alleles (eg. Aa)
Homozygous
An organism with 2 copies of the same allele (eg. AA or aa)
Gregor Mendel
An Austrian monk who bred many pea plants and studied their traits
Punnett square
A grid used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of two parents’ offspring.
Incomplete Dominance
Occurs when neither trait is completely dominant over the other. The heterozygote will have an intermediate phenotype.
Codominance
Occurs when both traits are dominant. The heterozygote will display both traits as both alleles are expressed.
Test Crosses
A test performed to deduce the genotype of an organism that displays the dominant phenotype. This is done by crossing the ‘unknown’ genotype organism with an organism with a known phenotype and looking at the phenotypes in the offspring.