Exam 3 history campbell

African Natural Resources

Gold, ivory, diamonds, palm oil, rubber, coffee, peanuts, and human beings

Ahriman

Evil spirit in Zoroastrianism

Ahura Mazda

In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.

Al'lah

God of Islam

Apocalypto

It's about the Maya in the Yucatan, but in their final

period of decline several hundred years after their

height in 9th century CE and their abandonment of

many former cities/towns.

Apostle Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, according to Christian belief, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, he became arguably the most significant figure in the spread of Christianity and the shaping of its doctrine.

Appeal of Christianity

Eternal Reward in the face of a bad life in the ancient world. The religion was meant for all people, not just people in a certain place. Jesus' message of love and compassion resonated with the poor and enslaved.

Archaic Era

Era beginning about 10,000 years ago and lasting until about 2,500 years ago, characterized by increased agricultural development

Arjuna

(Hindu mythology) the warrior prince in the Bhagavad-Gita to whom Krishna explains the nature of being and of God and how humans can come to know God

ATMA

The three main Hindu gods together, representing the Atma, or the eternal self.

Avatar

A representation of a Hindu god or goddess in human or animal form.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Bahgavad Gita

Hindu epic poem tells of the

great warrior ARJUNA and his teacher KRISHNA (an avatar, or earthly incarnation of Vishnu).The

work, written by Brahmans in classical Sanskrit,

also contained instructions for people at all

levels of society and serves as one of the

scriptures of Hinduism.

Bantu Language

Today, most sub-Saharan Africans speak 1 of the 400 variants of Bantu Language

Bantu Migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

Battle of Badr

battle that occurred when the people of Mecca attacked the people of Medina, and Muhammad decided that it is appropriate to fight if defensive

Battle of Granada

Combined forces of Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile to "reconquest" the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. 1491

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.

Beringia

an ancient land bridge over which the earliest Americans are believed to have migrated from Asia into the Americas

Bhakti

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

Bloodletting

belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease

Brahma

A Hindu god considered the creator of the world.

Buboes

Enlarged lymph nodes (up to the size of a tennis ball) that were characteristic in people infected with the bubonic plague.

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helped end Feudalism. Spread by rats and fleas

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Cataract

a large waterfall

Causality

to determine not just what happened but why

Change/continuity over time

Are the people of the past fundamentally like us or different? Both? Can we assume that things will change? That they will stay the same?

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator, discovered the Americas in 1492 searching for a faster route to India

Communicable Diseases

diseases that can be passed from one organism to another, of the same or different species. Decimated ancient cultures of the Americas

Complexity

history, current events, science,

human behavior, culture. They are all complex.

When done properly they rarely if ever provide

definitive, permanent, or binary answers,

though people really want them to

Composite Recurve Bow

this horn, wood, and sinew combination made

for a compact, easy to use, but incredibly powerful weapon. It was however, geographically limited, as extreme humidity could cause it to become unglued.

Consensus/contention

in history and other

academic disciplines, not everyone agrees

(contention). Sometimes MOST scholars agree

(consensus). NEVER do ALL scholars agree.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Context

To fully understand a historical event, we must consider the time and place when and where events occurred.

Contigency

history and the future don't follow a path

or a destiny, human events occur and because of preceding events and then move forward.

Critical Thinking

Question your biases, feelings, perspective, suppositions, assumptions. Question what you are told by authority figures. Change your mind when

appropriate. Accept uncertainty in some things.

Start with logic and evidence when trying to

form conclusions.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Dark side of monotheism

The dark side of monotheism is the fact that it insights intolerance, competition, and violence against polytheistic religions and other monotheistic ones.

Epic of Sundiata

An epic poem of the Malinke people and tells the story of the hero Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Mali Empire

Epistles

letters found in the New Testament to the early Christian communities about God's Revelation in Jesus Christ

Eschatology

the "end of times", order of the cosmos

Fall of Constantinople

Finally overcome by the Ottoman turks in 1453 after constant attack by Germanic/European tribes, Persians and Muslims

Feigned retreat

Pretending to run away

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah: sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith.

Salat: performing ritual prayers in the proper way five times each day.

Zakat: paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy.

Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan.

Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca.

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

Gospels

Four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Hejira

the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Hongwu Emperor

First Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Pushed out mongols

Human Sacrafice

Killing people to "please gods". Done by Mayans, Olmecs, Incas and Aztecs. Usually by heart extraction.

Hunter-Gatherer

People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive (Nomadic)

Inquisition

Effort launched in 1478, maintain Catholic purity in the face of "proto-Protestants" and Jews and Muslims who had claimed to have converted. It was a brutal system of torture and execution overseen by Domincan friar

Tomas de Torquemada.

Isabella of Castile

Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Jesus Christ

A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God.

Jizya

The tax on people in the Umayyad Caliphate who did not convert to Islam.

Judaism

Another Great Religion, monotheistic, influenced Christianity and Islam, both use the Old Testament (Torah)

Judaism as a religion

Anyone can convert to the religion of Judaism, and some ethnic Jews do not practice Judaism, while others do as it is a matter of social and political connection to their people.

Judaism as an ethnicity

Jews relocated all around Eurasia in the DIASPORA after the destruction of capital Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE. An actual state of Israel did not exist until 1947 after WW2 and the Holocaust. Jews maintained both an ethnic identity and their religion, as minority populations of nations in the Middle East and Europe, and eventually North America.

Ka'aba

A black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine. Previously filled with polytheistic idols.

Kennewick Man

-Skeletal remains of a prehistoric (Paleo-Indian) man found in the state of Washington, US, washed up from Columbia river

-Controversy with Native Americans, based on Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, argued it was their ancestor and it belonged to them under the Act

-Dated to somewhere between 5650 and 9510 years old

-Court ruled that scientists were right, he did not relate enough to Native American culture to be considered one of them

Khadija

First wife of Muhammad and first to convert to Islam.

Khanates

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Kumarajiva

"The Master Translator." He was a Buddhist monk who translated many Buddhist texts into Chinese and ended the "Dark Learning period" in Chinese history.

Kush

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.

Lake Texcoco

Lake where the capital city of the ancient Aztecs Tenochtitlan was built

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).