APUSH Unit 10

Al Smith

• Democratic nominee in 1928 and 1st Catholic candidate of a major party; lost to Herbert Hoover, showing strong anti-Catholic and opposed Prohibition

• Wet and Catholic

• Governor of New York

George Gershwin

Composed Rhapsody in Blue (1924), blending jazz and classical music.

J. Edgar Hoover

• Became head of the FBI in 1924 and expanded investigations during the Red Scare.

• Targeted suspected communists and organized crime during Prohibition.

Poet Langston Hughes

• Key writer of the Harlem Renaissance, wrote “The Negro Speaks of Rivers.”

• Promoted racial pride and challenged discrimination in 1920s America.

John L. Lewis

• Helped found the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1935.

• 1st Leader of the United Mine Workers Union

• Supported the Wagner Act (1935), which protected workers’ rights to unionize and improved labor conditions in the United States.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Wrote The Great Gatsby (1925), criticizing wealth and materialism of the 1920s.

• Represented the “Lost Generation,”

Harry Daugherty

Attorney General under Warren G. Harding and involved in the Teapot Dome corruption scandals.

Charles Lindbergh

• 1st “Hero”

• 1st solo transatlantic nonstop flight from New York to Paris in 1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis.

• Lundbergh was called Lucky Lindy

• His flight showed advances in aviation and made him a national hero.

Government began using airplanes for mail

Albert Fall

• Secretary of the Interior who leased oil reserves at Teapot Dome to private companies.

• Convicted of accepting bribes and became first cabinet member sent to prison.

Andrew Mellon

• Treasury Secretary who pushed major tax cuts in the 1920s.

• Supported high tariffs like the Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) to protect businesses.

John Steinbeck

• Wrote The Grapes of Wrath (1939) about Dust Bowl migrant families.

• Showed the economic hardship caused by the Great Depression and environmental disaster.

Charles Coughlin

• Catholic priest who used national radio broadcasts to criticize the New Deal.

• Supported radical economic reforms and gained millions of listeners.

• Blamed big business and its owner s for the economic struggles during the Great Depression.

• BLAMED FDR BECAUSE HE THOUGH HE WASN’T DOING ENOUGH

Marian Anderson

• Denied the right to sing at Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution.

• Performed at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939 with support from Eleanor Roosevelt.

Huey Long

• “Kingfish” (Lousiana)

• “Every man is a king” / “Share Our Wealth”

• $5000 for every family (tax the rich)

• Proposed the “Share Our Wealth” program to heavily tax the rich.

• Criticized FDR for not doing enough to end poverty during the Depression.

• Later assassinated in 1935

Marcus Garvey

• Led the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) promoting Black pride.

• Encouraged the “Back to Africa” movement and economic independence.

Francis Townsend

• Proposed the Townsend Plan giving $200 monthly pensions to elderly Americans.

• His movement influenced the creation of the Social Security Act (1935)

• Believed FDR WAS NOT DOING ENOUGH to help elderly people during the Great Depression.

Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith

• Major jazz and blues musicians of the Harlem Renaissance.

• Popularized African American music through recordings and radio.

• Armstrong = Embodiment of jazz music

Francis Perkins

• 1st women to serve in cabinet for President

• Secretary of Labor under Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped pass the Social Security Act (1935).

• Supported the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), establishing minimum wage and 40-hour workweek.

Mary McLeod Bethune

• Served in FDR’s “Black Cabinet” advising on New Deal policies.

• Federal Council on negor affairs

• NYA = National Youth Association

Jobs and training on campus

LBJ in Texas

• Shift in voting

• Black starting voting democrats

• Worked to ensure African Americans benefited from New Deal programs.

Clarence Darrow

• Defense lawyer in the Scopes Trial (1925) defending teacher John Scopes.

• Argued for teaching evolution against religious fundamentalism.

Old Guard Republicans

• Conservative Republicans of the 1920s who supported pro-business policies, high tariffs, and limited government regulation.

• Leaders like Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge followed this approach, cutting taxes and supporting business growth.

Black Tuesday (1929)

• October 29, 1929, when the stock market collapsed and investors panicked.

• 16,000,000 shares of stocks sold at a loss

• Marked the beginning of the Great Depression, leading to bank failures and massive unemployment.

Dust Bowl

• Severe drought and dust storms in the Great Plains caused by overfarming and dry conditions.

• Thousands of farmers lost their land and migrated west, especially to California.

• John Steinbeck’s Novel: “The Grapes of Wrath”

Book showed families who were forced to leave their farm

Okies: poor farmers from Oklahoma who moved west

Lost Generation

• Literary Movement

• Reasons for disillusionment: Materalism, conformity, WW1, and Religion

• Ernest Hemingway “A Farewell to Arms”

• F. Scott Fitzgerald “The Great Gastby”, also coined the phrase “Jazz Age”

• Felt that the war had destroyed traditional values like honor and the American Dream.

Ohio Gang

• Group of friends and political allies of Harding involved in corruption scandals.

• Members were connected to the Teapot Dome Scandal and misuse of government funds.

Hooverville

• Poor shantytown where homeless people lived during the Great Depression.

• Named after Herbert Hoover because many people blamed him for the economic problems.

Volstead Act (1919)

• Enforced Prohibition by banning the sale of alcohol.

• Led to bootlegging and organized crime.

Washington Naval Conference

• Meeting where the U.S., Britain, Japan, and others agreed to limit naval weapons. (5 Powers Treaty)

• Meeting with 9 nations saying that all countries should respect China’s independence, no country should take special control over China, and trade with China should be open and fair for everyone (9 Powers Treaty)

• It showed America’s desire to avoid another world war while staying powerful.

New Deal

• Series of programs created by Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide relief, recovery, and reform.

• Programs like the CCC (Civillian Conservation Corps), TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), and Social Security helped unemployed workers and reformed banks.

Isolationism

• Policy of avoiding involvement in foreign conflicts.

• The U.S. rejected joining the League of Nations and passed Neutrality Acts in the 1930s.

Social Security Act (1935)

• Francis Perkins

• Law that created pensions for the elderly and unemployment insurance. (65 and older)

• Give benefits to those that: Retired, disabled, and dependents

• Became one of the most lasting New Deal reforms.

Flapper

• Young women who wore shorter dresses, cut their hair short, and challenged traditional behavior.

• Symbolized new freedoms for women after the 19th Amendment (1920).

Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)

• Federal agency created to regulate the stock market.

• Formed after the 1929 crash to prevent fraud and insider trading.

Brain Trust

• Group of advisors who helped FDR design the New Deal.

• Created programs during the 1st Hundred Days to fight the Depression.

National Recovery Administration (1933)

• New Deal agency that set fair wages, prices, and working hours for businesses.

• Later declared unconstitutional in Schechter v. U.S.

Fundamentalism

• Religious movement believing the Bible should be interpreted literally.

• Strongly connected to the Scopes Trial (1925) over teaching evolution.

Modernism

• Belief in science, new technology, and new cultural ideas.

• Modernists supported teaching evolution and new artistic styles like jazz.

Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)

• New Deal program that built dams and provided electricity to poor rural areas.

• Helped control flooding and improve farming.

Harlem Renaissance

• African American cultural movement centered in Harlem, New York.

• Writers like Langston Hughes and musicians like Louis Armstrong became famous.

• Claude, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston

Federal Deposit Insurance Commission (1933)

• Protects people’s money in banks. If a bank fails, it insures (guarantees) deposits up to a certain amount, so people don’t lose their savings.

• Restored confidence in banks after many failed during the Depression.

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

• New Deal law that set a minimum wage (25 cents) and a 40-hour workweek.

• Also restricted child labor.

• Supported by Francis Perkins

First Red Scare (1919–1920)

• Fear of communism after the Russian Revolution.

• Led to the Palmer Raids, where suspected radicals were arrested and deported.

Palmer Raids (1919–1920)

• Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest suspected communists and radicals.

• Part of the First Red Scare, reflecting fear of revolution after World War I.

Teapot Dome Scandal (1921–1923)

• Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall leased federal oil reserves to private companies for bribes.

• One of the major corruption scandals during Warren G. Harding’s administration.

Scopes Trial (1925)

• Teacher John Scopes was tried for teaching evolution (1st Amendment rights) in Tennessee.

• WJ Byran v. Clarence Darrow (American Civil Liberties Union)

• Darrow helped defend Scopes, but LOST

• Showed the cultural conflict between religious fundamentalism and modernism in the 1920s.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

• Raised tariffs on imported goods to protect U.S. businesses.

• Worsened international trade and deepened the Depression.

Bank Holiday (1933)

• FDR closed banks temporarily to stop panic withdrawals.

• Emergency Banking Act = closed all the banks 4 days

• Glass Stegall / Federal Deposit Insurance Coroporation (FDIC)

• Helped restore public confidence in the banking system.

First New Deal (1933)

• FDR’s first 100 days included programs like CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), and AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act).

• Focused on relief for the unemployed, economic recovery, and financial reform.

Wagner Act (1935)

• Recovery Program

• “Collective bargaining”

• Guaranteed workers the right to form unions and bargain collectively.

• Strengthened labor rights and supported the growth of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Second New Deal (1935)

• Introduced Social Security, WPA (Works Progress Administration), and more labor protections.

• Focused on long-term reform and helping the poor and elderly.

Roosevelt Recession (1937)

• Economy declined after FDR cut government spending to reduce the budget deficit.

• Showed the New Deal had not fully ended the Great Depression.

Republican Economic Program (Sec. of the Treasury Mellon’s)

1. Lower income taxes for the wealthy (encourage investments in businesses)

2. Reduce federal debt / BUDGET

3. Raise the tariff (Protect American businesses)

Republican Fiscal Program

Republican economy supported LAISSEZ FAIRE and Big Business

• LOWER taxes + LESS federal spending + HIGHER tariffs = STRONG national economy

Warren G. Harding

“Ohio Gang” = Friends of Harding

• Attorney General Daugherty = Sold “get out of jail” permits

Teapot Dome Scandal (Wyoming)

• Albert B. Fall (Sect. of Interior): Oil Reserves = Sold illegally

Harding dies in office in 1923

• Calvin Coolidge (VP) replaces him

Calvin Coolidge

Took over when Harding died

Follows Republican Fiscal Policy

• High Tariffs

• Low taxes on Wealthy

• Laizzes Faire

Dawes Plan (1924)

• For German Debts in 1924, which restructured Germany's reparations payments and stabilized its economy for a little

• Trying to deal with European debt and low purchasing power

KKK Emerges Again

• Rise was due to ever changing traditional America

• Birth of a Nation (1915)

• 1925: Membership of 5 million and marched in Washington

• Nativism is on the rise

• Targets = Catholic, Jews, New Immigrants

• Moved to the North / Midwest

• Attack: On urban culture and defends “Traditional” (Christian / Protestant and rural) values

Sacco and Vanzetti executed in 1927

• Red Scare influence

• Immigrants and anarchists accused of robbery and murder

• Convicted and executed

19th Amendment in 1920

• Called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment

• Woman Suffrage

• NAWSA and National Women’s Party

• Carrie Chapman Catt / Alice Paul

• Seneca Falls = Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Changing Role of Women

• Flapper

• Labor Force: Pink Collar Jobs (Working in a labor force)

• Birth Control: Margaret Sanger

• Education

• Divorce

• Alice Paul proposes Equal Rights Amendment 1923 (1972 to 1982 but fell 3 states short)

Changing Role of Black Americans “Black Seperatism” vs Assimilation

Marcus Garvey (JAMAICAN)

• Proud of heritage

• Univeral negor improvement Associtation (UNIA)

• Supports Black business

Return to “homeland” of Africa (Back to Africa)

• Created Black Star Line: encouraged by Garvey to buy tickets which supported African American transportation and businesses

• Mailing leaflets encouraging people to buy tickets and support the return-to-Africa idea. However, the ships were not really available, and he was accused of fraud

• Later arrested and deported

• LEADS to the Civil Movement LATER

US was not happy (black) wore uniforms: lynched in uniform

1st African American Labor Union

• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1925)

• Founded by A. Philip Randolph: 1st ALL black labor union

• Increased wages and benefits

Music

• Jazz (New Orleans) = Louis Armstrong

• Harlem’s Cotton Club (Night club where Black musicians performed) = Duke Ellington

• Blues:

Bessie Smith

George Gershwin (Rhapsody in Blue)

Consumerism

Automobile and Electrical appliances

Communication

• Radio = News, Advertisements, Sports, Music (Jazz and Blues)

• Movies = Postive and Negative influence

“Birth of A Nation”

Henry Ford and Frederick Taylor

• The 2 together innovate factories by modernizing and creating the assembly line

• Assembly line = One person assigned a role, more efficient

The Jazz Singer (1927)

• 1st “Talkie” motion picture (people are talking)

• Al Jolson (white man playing black character)

• Hollywood and movies: Tabloids major industry (newspapers that focused on sensational or exciting stories)

• VAUDEVILLE: Present day hollywood where everybody recognizes celebrities (famous)

“The Noble Experiment”

• 18th Amendment

• Failure of Prohibition

ORGANIZED CRIME

• “Wets” vs. “Dry”

Al Capone (Chicago) vs. Eliotness Treasury Department

• Gangsters and the Liquor business

Speakeasies (fake bar)

Bootleggers

• Volstead Act (Law that dealt with the enforcement)

Not enough man power

Not enough money

Not enough support

1928 Election

Republican

• Herbert Hoover

• Iowa farm boy (Protestant and a Dry)

• Food Administration

• Secretary of Commerce

Democract

• Alfred E. Smith (Gov. of New York) (Corrupt politician)

• Catholic and a Wet

Issue

• Roaring Economy = Republican Win

Installment Plan

• Buying on credit = pay a little each month

• Items

• Creditor

Stock Market

• Buying on margin: borrowing money from a broker to buy stocks and paying only part of the cost upfront.

• It was risky because if stock prices fell, people still had to repay the borrowed money.

• Bank

Causes Behind the Great Depression “DON”

Debt

• WAR

• Businesses

• Farmers

Over

• Speculation = Stock market (buying on margin) and land

• Spending = Installment Plan

• Producing (surplus) = Businesses and farmers

No Regulations

• Banks

• Stock Market

Jack Kennedy screwed over so many people with the stock market

Stocks were over priced due to speculation

Massive fraud and illegal activity occured due to lack of regulation and rules

Monetary Policy

• The way the Federal Reserve controls the money supply and interest rates to help the economy stay stable.

• Used to fight inflation or help economic growth.

Declines in Great Depression

• Birth rates

• Immigration

• People move out of USA

Dorthea Lange

• Photographer during the Great Depression who took famous photos of poor migrant workers

• Helping show the suffering caused by the Dust Bowl

• Famous photo “Migrant Mother”

Herbert Hoover

• Believed in no federal government

• “Rugged Individualism” / “Self reliance”

• Americans would work themselves out this depression through hard work and determination

• Believed direct federal relief would destroy people’s self respect / LAZY and create a large bureaucracy

• Aid should come from the state government or private businesses

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)

• Loan money to industry, banks, insurance companies, and railroads

• Supply side economics or the “Trickle own Theory”: Helping businesses produce more goods by lowering business taxes and regulations

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole”

• VOLUNTARY

Poverty Strains Society

• Impact on Health

• Stresses on Famlies

• Discrimination Increases

Mexican Repatriation

• As unemployment rose, pressure grew to deport Hispanics causing “repatriation” (sending people back to their home country)

• Many Mexican Americans were also sent out of the US

• Mexican American US citizens who were childern at the time were also deported along with their Mexican parents

Bonus March (1932)

• WW1 Vets march to Washington to see Hoover to get their WW1 bonuses early (1945 was the year that they get them)

• General MacArthur is sent to move them out (Eisenhower and Patton also involved) as he destroys camps and kills veterans

• Hoover looks insenstive

1932 Election

Hoover (Republican)

• Conservative president

• Blamed for the depression

• “Rugged Individualism”

• Limited federal government help

• Supported state and private charities

• Supply Side economics (Trickle Down)

• R.F.C = railroads and banks / businesses

Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) (WON)

• Promise nation a New Deal

• Move from a Conservative president to a Liberal president

• “Nothing to fear but fear itself”

20th Amendment (1933)

• “Lame Duck” amendement

• Changed the dates when the president, vice president, and Congress start their terms.

• Moved the president’s inauguration from March 4 to January 20

• Done to shorten the “lame duck” period, so new leaders could take office faster after an election.

21st Amendment (1933)

• Repealed the 18th Amendment

• Made alcohol legal again at 21

1st Hundred Days

1. More legislation proposed and passed by Congress than any other time

2. Brain Trust

3. Alphabet Programs

“Fireside charts” = Radio broadcasts: restored confidence

Bank Holiday

• Emergency Banking Act = closed all the banks 4 days

• Glass Steagall / Federal Deposit Insurance Coroporation (FDIC)

• Took the nation off the GOLD standard

The 3 R’s of the New Deal

• Relief

• Recovery

• Reform

Relief

• Established to solve immediate problems of homelessness, unemployment and hunger

• Cash payments directly to those in need

• FERA (today welfare checks)

Ex: FERA, AAA, CCC, PWA, WPA

Recovery

• Established to help entire segments of the economy “get back on its feet”

• Loans to business / Gave work to businesses (Public work = Govt. programs building roads / schools etc.)

Ex: NRA, Wagner Act, Fair Labor Standard Act, TVA

Reform

• Prevent the circumstances that caused this from ever occuring again

• Bank / Stock market

Ex: FDIC, SEC, Social Securities Act

Demand Side Economics (Democrats)

• Keynesian Economics = priming the pump

Deficit spending (Increased spending)

• Roosevelt Recession 1937 to 1938

Cut back on the government spending

Cut back on government programs

Social Security tax cut into consumer spending

Keynesian Economics

• Created by John Maynard Keynes during the Great Depression.

• The government should spend more money and lower taxes to help create jobs and increase demand

• The idea is that government spending can help the economy recover faster.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Most active 1st Lady in history

• “Legs” of FDR

• Radio Programs

• Newspaper column

• Worked for Civil Rights and Women’s Rights

Indian Reorganization Act 1934

• Dawes Act repealed (Assimilation is now Autonomy)

• Increase Native American self government and responsibility

American Liberty League (1934)

• Conservative, Wealthy business owners and politicans opposed to the New Deal programs

• Emphasized private property and individual liberties

• CRITIZIED FDR

Scheter v. The United States (1935)

• Declared the NRA uncostitutional (National Recovery Administration)

• BECAUSE

The govt. interfered with private ownership of business by setting prices and wages

(Too much like Socialism / Communism)

Court Packing Plan (1937)

• Created by FDR

• Reasons: NRA / AAA had been declared uncostitutional and add more justices to SC so his New Deal laws would more likely be ruled constitutional

• Worried about Social Security and future proposals

• Add more (liberal) Justices for each one over 70.5 (6)

• Defeated by Congress