MIDTERM REVIEW- GLOBAL HISTORY

study guys

Hominid

\-are humans and their human-like extinct ancestors/relatives -Earliest hominins\* differed from most other species because they had opposable thumbs and walked upright

\-Lucy: oldest skeleton of a hominin, lived about 3.5 million years ago

* the first to use stone tools

Hunter-gatherers

-lifestyle in which food is acquired through hunting animals, fishing, and foraging for wild berries, nuts, fruit, and grains
-Early humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers*

culture

a person’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas

Neolithic AKA Agricultural Revolution

\-10,000 years ago, some humans discovered they could plant crops in the same place and confine some animals
\-This Agricultural Revolution is the most important development in human history and made civilization possible
\-Villages began to develop and surpluses of food allowed some to do things other than farm

\-__surplus__

river valley civilizations

Indus River Valley Civilization (IRVC) (2500 BCE-1500 BCE)


1. In modern day Pakistan
2. Two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
3. Developed on banks of Indus River and also benefited from monsoon rains
4. Few details known because  we do not know how to translate its writing

irrigation

-Sumerian city-states built complex irrigation systems

Mesopotamia

(THESE ARE SOME OF THE BASICS SO NOT SURE IF THIS IS ENOUGH INFO)
\-Region called Mesopotamia “between the rivers” because it is the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
\-a part of the Fertile Crescent
\-Developed cuneiform
\-first empire created in Mesopotamia by Sargon of Akkad

* five characteristics of society:


1. Advanced cities
2. Complex institutions (ex: organized governments and religion)
3. Specialized workers (people doing more than just farming)
4. Record keeping (ex: writing)
5. Advanced technology

ziggurat

-temples in Sumerian religion

Code of Hammurabi

-His Code of Hammurabi was one of the first times laws were codified (written down for all to see)

pharaoh

-Rulers called pharaohs were seen as gods on earth
-mummified to better preserve their bodies and buried with stuff they needed for the afterlife

pyramid

-Giant pyramids built as tombs so the god-kings could continue to help rule Egypt
-required a lot of labor to build

Rosetta Stone

-made translation possible
-developed in ancient Egypt

the Phoenicans

-Traders and Sailors
a. c. 1100 BCE Phoenician city-states first emerged in modern day Lebanon b. Lack of farmland and resources led them to turn to manufacturing (making stuff0 and trade
c. by 700 BCE , colonies all over Mediterranean Sea
-2. The First Alphabet
a. Phoenicians developed the first alphabet
b. 22 letters which stood for a consonant sound
c. People could spell any word with just those 22 symbols
d. Adopted by Greeks and is the basis of our alphabet

Covenant

-binding agreement
-10 Commandments was a covenant
-Jews believe they have a special covenant with God
a. God promised to love and protect them
b. They promised to love God and follow God’s laws

Abraham

According to the Torah, Abraham is the ancestral patriarch of the Hebrew people

Judaism

-Monotheistic (belief in one god)
-Holiest text is the Torah (first five books of the Bible)

monotheism

-belief in one god

Polytheism

the worship of multiple gods (ex. Ancient Egypt)

Ten Commandments

the rules that governed Christianity and Judiasim, given to Abraham by God, covenant

monsoon

1. winds that shift in direction at certain times of each year
2. June-October, summer monsoons bring moist air from the Indian Ocean and cause heavy rains and flooding
3. November-January, winter monsoons bring dry air so little rain falls

Mohenjo-Daro

Developed on banks of Indus River and also benefited from monsoon rains, one of two major cities in IRVC, the famous great bath,

Harappa

Developed on banks of Indus River and also benefited from monsoon rains, one of two major cities in IRVC, used brick extensively in their structures/buildings,

the Aryans

\-Much info about Aryans come from the Vedas Competing theories about Aryan Migration (c. 1800 BCE)

a. Theory #1: Aryans conquered native Indians

b. Theory #2: they migrated to South Asia gradually

\-Social classes for the Aryans

a. Four main social classes: 

\-priests (brahmins)

\-rulers and warriors 

\-merchants and landowners

\-commoners, peasants, servants

b. Very bottom are “Untouchables” who perform “unclean” jobs

c. Evolves into caste system where each profession (job) had its own caste\*

d. Forms basis of Hinduism but also very much misunderstood by Westerners

Caste

classes in Hindu society, a part of the caste system/social hierarchy with the “Brahmin” (priests and academics) at the top and the “untouchables” at the bottom.

the Vedas

-a collection of sacred texts written in Sanskrit
-beliefs of Hinduism

Reincarnation

someone in whom a particular soul is believed to have been reborn.

Karma

the totality of good and bad deeds performed by a person.

Dharma

dharma is the moral and religious duties that are expected of a person according to their caste

Moksha

a perfect understanding of all things; goal of hinduism

the Brahman

the universal spirit

Avatar

an incarnation of a deity

Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism
a. All life is suffering
b. Suffering is caused by the desire for things
c. The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire
d. To overcome desire, follow the Eightfold Path

Eightfold Path

The way to overcome desire in buddhism
a. right views
b. right intentions
c. right speech
d. right conduct
e. right livelihood (or job)
f. right effort
g. right mindfulness
h. right meditation
Goal is nirvana

Enlightenment

in Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe

Greek city-states

-c. 750 BCE,villages started to develop into more advanced cities
-Trade increased between the Greek city-states and with other civilizations
-city-states establish colonies* to increase trade and to feed their population
-City-states sometimes go to war with each other over land

Greco-Persian Wars

Wars between Greece and Persia


1. c. 500 BCE, Persian Empire stretched from Egypt to Indus River
2. War with Darius, King of Persia
a. 499 BCE, Athens sends soldiers to help some Greek city-states against Persians
b. Persians win and Darius wants to punish Athens for interfering
c. 490 BCE, the Persians invade Greece but are defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon
3. 480 BCE, Darius’s son Xerxes invades with 200,000 soldiers
a. Battle of Thermopylae

a. Battle of Thermopylae: small group of Spartans hold off Persians at narrow pass so rest of Greeks can withdraw

b. Persians destroy Athens but Athenians escape in ships

c. Battle of Salamis: Greeks (led by Athens) sink half the Persian ships so Xerxes retreats

d. 479 BCE, Xerxes invades again and defeated by group led by Sparta

Peloponnesian War

1. Sparta thought Athens was becoming too powerful
2. Athens forced city-states to remain in an alliance called the Delian League and give money to rebuild Athens
3. Athens attacked city-states outside of Greece to protect its trade routes
4. 431 BCE, Sparta and its allies (Peloponnesian League) demanded Athens free all the cities under their control or face war (Athens refused)
Attack on Athens
a. Athens protected by walls so Spartans destroyed crops around it
b. Pericles allowed citizens living outside Athens in but this led to deadly plague 430 BCE
c. Many died from plague (including Pericles) and food scarce
d. War deadlocked because of Sparta’s superior army and Athens’ superior navy
End of war
a. 413 BCE, Sparta won a major battle in Sicily
b. City-states in Delian League started to rebel and join Sparta
c. Sparta used funds from Persia to build a stronger fleet
d. Athenian navy was destroyed in 405 BCE at Battle of Aegospotami
e. Athens surrendered in 404 BCE to avoid starvation

Pericles

\-politician and general who led Athens (c. 460 to 429 BCE)

2\. His three main goals

a. military goal: protect Athens so he built a wall to protect the harbor/strengthened navy

b. artistic goal: make Athens beautiful so he oversaw construction of new buildings and temples (ex: Parthenon dedicated to Athena)

c. political goal: strengthen democracy so he allowed poorer citizens to hold political offices and have more say in the government

Athens

c. 500 BCE, Athens developed early form of democracy
2. Ruled by a council of 500 citizens that were randomly chosen each year
3. Citizens also served as jurors where they would decide if someone on trial was guilty or innocent
Who was considered a citizen?
a. Men over the age of 18
b. Your father (later, and mother’s father) had to be a citizen
c. About 45,000 of the 300,000 residents were citizens
d. women, metics (foreigners), enslaved people could not vote
5. Athens gains wealth and power as center of trade
6. Valued education (at least for wealthy boys) and the arts
7. All males had to serve two years in the military

Sparta

1. 10,000 citizens and 250,000 slaves
2. Built strong army to prevent slave uprising

a. All males had to serve in army

b. Boys trained to be soldiers under harsh conditions

c. When 30, men gained full citizenship and were given a plot of land but still had to serve in army

d. Farming done by enslaved people/peasants called helots

a. Two kings (consuls) who shared power and a 30-man senate elected by citizens (male landowners over the age of 30)

b. Assembly of citizens elected five ephors

c. Most power remained in hands of a few families in an oligarchy

plebians (poorer citizens) and patricians (wealthier citizens)

oligarchy

- (a government in which power is in the hands of a few people; especially one in which rule is based on wealth)
-government in Sparta

Hellenistic culture

-Alexander the great spread Hellenistic* culture throughout the former Persian Empire (“Hellenistic” primarily refers to Greek culture but also includes influences of Egypt, Persia, and India/South Asia)
Hellenistic Culture Influenced
-Greek Mythology/Drama
-Art and Architecture
-History
-Philosophy/Government
-Science and Math

Punic Wars

**Intro (Punic Wars)**
Three wars were fought between Rome and Carthage
All three wars were won by Rome, which became the greatest militaries in the Mediterranean Sea
Rome’s leaders were Scipio Africanus and Scipio Aemilianus

**B. First Punic War**


1. The first war was brought by a clash between Roman and Carthaginian forces
2. Rome was able to defeat Carthage by their mastery of the sea.
3. Hannibal’s conquest for the Roman town Sagunto in Spain led to a new declaration of war by Rome.

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**C. Second Punic War**


1. “The second war between Rome and Carthage was one of the great military conflicts of the ancient world.”
2. Carthage was almost able to defeat Rome, but wanted to keep growing their military by turning Romans against their people. They sadly were not victorious and Rome conquered them once again.
3. When Carthage was defeated for the third time, they were forced to “give Spain and all Mediterranean islands it controlled to Rome. In addition it was forced to pay a large indemnity and forfeit any independence in foreign policy.”


**D. Third Punic War**

1. The last of the punic wars was brought by the envy of Rome’s merchant class, aided by friends in the Roman senate.


1. Roman politicians chanted “Carthage must be destroyed” which was enough of a reason for war
2. Carthage was torn down and its site condemned to lie forever desolate.

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**E. Lasting Impacts**


1. Carthage completely destroyed at end of third war
2. Rome has no remaining rival to its dominance over the Mediterranean and surrounding lands

Pax Romana

Roman Peace (27 BCE to 180 CE)
1. Nearly two hundred year period where there was peace (for the most part) in the region controlled by Rome
2. Organized government, strong army, and advanced roads
helped keep peace
3. Allowing provinces to partially rule themselves and their people to become Roman citizens also helped unify empire

Christianity and the Roman Empire

1. Originally a branch of Judaism but believed in the divinity of Jesus
2. As it grew and started to convert Gentiles (non-Jews) Romans saw it a threat because Christians did not worship other gods or the emperor
3. Though some Christians were put to death, Romans generally left Christians alone until c. 200 CE
4. c. 250 CE, emperor ordered all citizens to worship Roman gods so Christians who refused were executed, becoming martyrs
-313 CE, Emperor Constantine (who allegedly converts to Christianity late in life) issued an order that allows Romans freedom to follow whatever religion they want
b. As Christianity became more
powerful, Christians begin to persecute those that disagree with them (Jews, pagans, and other Christians)
c. 391 CE, Emperor Theodosius
outlawed all pagan religions

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

-End of Pax Romana
1. After 180 CE, much fighting within the empire and many emperors ruled for only a short time
2. Empire often was split into Western and Eastern empire (or even smaller parts)
3. Tribes from NorthernEurope begin to threaten empire
4. Economy doing poorly and taxes going up
-Constantine’s Shift East
1. c. 320 CE, moved capital from Rome to Constantinople to be closer to the empire’s wealthiest provinces
2. After his death, descendents fight over the empire
3. by 400 CE, the Roman Empire is permanently split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire
-Fall of West was gradual as barbarians tribes invaded and/or migrated over time
2. Some emperors gave them land or paid them to be in the Roman army
3. 410 CE, Rome sacked by King Alaric of the Visigoths
4. 476 CE, Odoacer, a Roman soldier who was probably German, overthrew the last Roman emperor in West

the Huns

-emerged in southeastern Europe
-Germanic tribes that clashed with Rome

Eastern Roman Empire

-The Byzantine Empire
-continues in the East until 1453 CE

Jesus

the messiah in Christianity/catholicism, son of God, both human and man

Gospels

NEW TESTAMENT, record the story of Jesus through Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

New Testament

after the old testament, story of Jesus, Christianity only

2. Use two other vocab words to complete this sentence

Yahweh wanted Abraham to

3. Why do you and other students at Christian schools often learn about Abraham in their religion classes at the beginning of 9th grade?

Abraham is the father of Christianity, he led the Israelites out of slavery, and made a covenant with God.

1. How did the “emergence of the Huns” led to further barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire?

It sparked a lot of fighting within Germanic tribes around the Roman Empire.

2. How did the actions of “the emperors in Constantinople” contribute to increased barbarian invasions in the West?

“Constantinople did everything in their power to drive any potential threats away from their own capital and toward the lands of the Western Empire”

3. Why would being “a great naval power” help the Vandals control the Mediterranean?

They could control the areas around the sea.

4. Why do you think Flavius Aetius felt it was necessary to create “an alliance with the Visgoth king”?

To combine their army for numbers and strength in order to take down the huns \#illmakeamanoutofyou.

5. What do you think “puppet emperors” are?

Emperors who are controlled by other people.

6. Think about the factors that allowed Rome to build and maintain a large empire for centuries; why do you think these did not prevent the empire from falling in the West in 476 CE?

These did not prevent Rome from falling because they were working against rome, as they were sending enemies towards them.

7. What bothers Mr. Fedeli about this topic?

People say that the “Roman Empire” fell, but it was the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire was still functioning.

1. Which vocabulary word best describes the relationship between Abraham and Yahweh?

covenant

hominid

a member of a biological group including human beings and related species that walk upright

hunter-gatherer

a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods

culture

a person’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas

monotheism

a belief in a single god

polytheism

a belief in many gods

irrigation

the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels

ziggurat

a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple

pharaoh

a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader

pyramid

a massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those that were built in Egypt as burial places for Old KIngdom pharaohs

covenant

a mutual promise or agreement-especially between God and the Hebrew people as recorded in the Bible

city-state

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit

oligarchy

a government in which power is in the hands of a few people, especially one in which rule is based upon wealth

monsoon

a wind that shifts in direction at certain times of each year

caste

European term for the hereditary social classes in Hinduism that restrict the occupation of their members and their association with the members of other castes

moksha

a state of perfect understanding of all things

Brahman

the world or universal soul that contains and unites all atmans

avatar

the incarnation of a Hindu deity

reincarnation

the process by which a soul is reborn

karma

the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person

dharma

in Hinduism, the moral and religious duties that are expected of a person according to their caste

enlightenment

in Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe