Biology: Gene Transcription and Translation

Flashcards covering key concepts related to gene transcription and translation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Promoter

A DNA sequence that allows for the binding of the sigma factor and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

Sigma Factor

A protein that binds to the promoter regions of DNA in prokaryotic cells, facilitating the recruitment of RNA polymerase.

Transcription

The process in which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a DNA template.

Nucleoid Region

The area within prokaryotic cells where the cell's DNA is located, without any membrane encasing it.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a defined nucleus, where transcription and translation occur simultaneously.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A type of RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines that translate mRNA into proteins.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a defined nucleus and compartmentalized cellular functions.

Cotranscriptional Translation

The process in prokaryotic cells where translation of mRNA begins before transcription is completed.

Five Prime End (5')

The end of an RNA strand where the first nucleotide is added during transcription.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell’s DNA and where transcription occurs.