Infections and Disease 32011 Midterm Study Guide

infection

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Four major groups of infectious agents

bacteria, viral, fungi, protozoa (parasitic)

Structural violence

Harm caused by social structures and institutions that prevent people from meeting their needs and rights

Structural Vulnerability

An individual's or a population group's condition of being at risk for negative health outcomes through their interface with socioeconomic, political and cultural/normative hierarchies

Bacterial Infectious Disease

microscopic, single celled, causes damage via production of toxins

Viral Infectious Diseases

Diseases caused by viruses. (EX: common cold, flu, COVID-19)

Sickle Cell Anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

What are the groups for Infectious Disease? + Examples

Retroviral(HIV), Respiratory(FLU), Exanthematous(MEASLES), Hepatic (HEPATITUS), Cutaneous (WARTS), Hemorrhagic (EBOLA) & Neurologic (POLIO).

direct contact transmission examples & definition

The spread of an infection through physical contact with an infected person or animal, this includes:

- person-to-person (touching,kissing,sex)

- mother-to-child (aka vertical. passes through placenta, birth, or breast milk)

indirect contact transmission examples & definition

The transfer of an infectious agent via a contaminated intermediate (food,objects,etc.) this includes:

- Fomites (inanimate objects such as clothing or doorknobs)

- Fecal-oral (poor-handwashing, contaminated food or water)

Respiratory Transmissions definiton & examples

The spread of pathogens through the air.

-droplet spreads (expelled from nose or mouth via coughing or sneezing. 6 ft rule for covid was made for this)

Zoonotic Transmission

When a disease is transmitted from an animal to a human

vector-borne transmission

The use of an animal to spread an organism from one person or place to another. (Common vectors are mosquitos ((MALARIA)) and ticks ((LYME DISEASE)) )

Microbes

a microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation. They were the first life forms on Earth

An example of structural vulnerability is...

Being an undocumented immigrant that works for a company, but cant get healthcare due to citizenship issues.

An example of structural violence is...

COVID vaccine hesitancy among specific population groups.

What Animal did HIV originate from?

Monkeys (In West Africa in the 1930's)

Which type of pathogen can you get HIV from?

A retrovirus

Why are women more vulnerable to HIV?

Because of the greater mucus area exposed to HIV during penile penetration.

What is U=U

Undetectable equals Untransmittable. Its an essential strategy for HIV prevention and a community-led global health campaign. It is important because it can ultimately prevent HIV transmission.

What is PrEP

(pre-exposure prophylaxis): reduces chances of getting HIV from sex or injection drug use

How can PrEP be taken?

Pills (Truvada & Descovy) & Injection (Apretude)

What does ART mean and what is it used for?

AntiRetroviral Therapy. It's a combination of HIV medicines that are taken every day. (ART cannot cure HIV but helps people live healthier, longer lives.)

4-H Club

A stigmatizing term from the 1980's to refer to four groups initially identified as being at high risk for AIDS. Homosexuals, Hemophiliacs, Heroin users, and Haitians.

Grass Root Activism

fundamentally reshaped the response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic by forcing governments and pharmaceutical companies to take action, accelerating drug development, and creating a patient-centered model for care

How does Tuberculosis transmit from person to person?

Airborne. It's caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Latent Tuberculosis in Human Beings

People that have latent TB cant spread it to others, don't feel sick and dont have any symptoms. Many people that have latent TB infections dont end up getting TB

Why does TB remain the major killer

Challenges in detection and treatment.

Main Areas that are high risk for HIV

Botswana, Cameroon, Eswatini, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Russian Federation, Zimbabwe

Main Areas that are high risk for TB

Sierra Leone

Main Areas that are high risk for MDR/RR-TB

Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Peru, Rep. Moldova, Russian Federation, Somalia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Zimbabwe

Allostatic Load

A cumulative physiological wear and tear on the body caused by chronic stress. The long-term effects off stress on various organ systems, including the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and nervous systems

Hygiene Hypothesis

Theory that proposes that early-life exposure to certain microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, helps to train and develop the immune system in a way that reduces the risk of allergic diseases later in life