protein synthesis

what is the start codon

AUG - methionine

what are the 3 stop codons

UAA, UGA, UAG

wha mutation occurs in sickle cell anaemia

glutamic acid to valine

what happens to haemoglobin when the amino acid sequence changes in sickle cell anaemia

causes haemoglobin to crystallise when oxygen levels are low which cause the sickle shape to get stuck in small blood vessels

what enzyme is used in transcription

RNA polymerase

what are the 3 stages of transcription

initiation

elongation

termination

what occurs during initiation

• rna polymerase binds to specific dna promoter region - marks beginning of gene

• rna polymerase unwinds a portion of the dna double helix

what occurs during elongation

what occurs during alternative splicing

alternative splicing of pre mrna can produce different proteins from the same gene

how can the accumulation of suckled cells affect the blood vessels

• downstream tissue ischaemia - causing pain and possibly heart attack

• organ damage and ischaemic stroke (a stroke caused by a blocked artery in the brain)

how does sickled red blood cells protect against malaria