Cell cycle quiz

Tumor

Tumor

clump of cells with no purpose

Benign tumor

normal cells duplicating fast

malignant tumor

cancer cells duplicating fast

Big tumor

less blood and nutrients

metastasis

spread of cancer cells

radiation treatment

high energy x-ray kills any cell in its path

chemotherapy

poisoning medication

Diploid cell

body cells in pairs

Haploid cell

individual sex cells

Cell cycle

when cells grow and divide to make more

G1 phase

cell begins growing

G0

a resting phase when the cell cant copy

Synthesis phase

cell is copied

G2 phase

cell continues growing after synthesis

Prophase

(1) DNA “spaghetti” converts into chromosomes

Metaphase

(2) chromosomes line up in the middle

anaphase

(3) sister chromatins (connected chromosomes) break apart

Telophase

(4) 2 nuclei are formed

cytokinesis

2 cells are made, cycle is over

miosis

making of SEX cells

mitosis

making of BODY cells

apoptosis

destroy cells process

Checkpoints in the cell cycle

resting phases that stimulate or prevent cell division until conditions are met

differentiates

when a cell stops dividing and exits the cycle

cell cycle regulators

proteins that control the progression of a cell, can either stimulate or prevent progression in the cycle

Sex-linked RECESSIVE

affected moms and sons

Sex-linked DOMINANT

affected dads and daughters

meiosis

process of creating egg and sperm (gametes)

specialized body cell

only job is to go through meiosis

Products of meiosis

4 different haploid gametes

P1 (MEI)

chromosomes form tetrads

tetrads

chromosomes from mom and dad linked

crossing over

tetrads trading sections of DNA

M1 (MEI)

chromosomes line up with tetrad pairs

A1 (MEI)

tetrads pull apart

T1 (MEI)

nuclei form

C1 (MEI)

cells turn haploid

proto-oncogenes

gas pedals of the cell process

tumor supressor genes

brake pedals of the cell process

Frameshift insertion

extra letter shifts codons

nonsense mutation

early stop codon

silent mutation

wrong DNA, same protein

substitution

wrong letter no shift

frameshift deletion

letter deletes shifts codons

Hayflick limit

# of times a cell can go through the cell cycle

Telomeres

caps on chromosomes, become shorter over time

telomerase protein

protein that creates telomeres that stops producing after birth

Cells hayflick limit

healthy cells can divide 50 times until apoptosis