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General formula for carboxylic acids
RCOOH
Example of a carboxylic acid
Formic acid, Butyric acid, Benzoic acid
Not an example of a carboxylic acid
Nitric acid
General method for preparing carboxylic acids
Oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes
Oxidizing agent for oxidation to carboxylic acids
KMnO4
Reaction of carboxylic acids with strong bases like NaOH or KOH
Production of water-soluble salts
The compound liberated as a by-product when carboxylic acids react with weak base like NaHCO3
CO2
Catalyst for esterification reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols
H2SO4
Product of esterification reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols
Ester
Side product of saponification
Glycerol
Product of saponification
Salt of fatty acid and glycerol
Carboxylic acids derived from hydrolysis of triglycerides and waxes
Fatty acids
Not an example of a fatty acid
Acetic acid
Reaction test for acid derivatives
Hydrolysis
Products of acetic anhydride hydrolysis
Acetic acid and water
Side product of acetamide hydrolysis
Ammonia
Purpose of reaction with water and indicators
To determine pH
Noted after warming acetic acid and water
Change in solubility
Indicators used in Procedure A
Blue litmus paper and methyl orange indicator
Purpose of adding NaOH to acetic acid
To neutralize the acid
Noted when sodium carbonate is added to acetic acid
Evolution of gas
Purpose of H2SO4 in esterification
Catalyst
Alcohol used in esterification
n-propyl alcohol
Purpose of adding neutral ferric chloride solution
To test for carboxylic acid
Special test for tartaric and citric acid
Formation of a permanent purple color with KMnO4
Purpose of repeating test with tartaric acid
To compare results
Purpose of adding NaOH to tartaric acid
To neutralize the acid
Color obtained after adding KMnO4 to tartaric acid
Permanent purple
Test to detect esters in Procedure C
Final test
Color indicating a positive result for esters
Magenta or burgundy
Observation when distilled water is added to acetic anhydride
Evolution of heat
Purpose of adding NaOH to acetamide
To hydrolyze the compound
First step in Procedure E
Mixing with ethyl alcohol
Final step in Procedure E
Testing the cleansing property
Making tartaric acid alkaline in Procedure B
5% NaOH
Observation in preliminary test for esters
Color produced with FeCl3
Purpose of adding 6N NaOH in final test for esters
To make the solution alkaline
Observation when acetamide is heated with NaOH
Evolution of Gas
Addition after heating over a water bath in Procedure E
Cold saturated NaCl solution
Purpose of heating soap mixture again in Procedure E
To remove excess water/ To form a solid product
Final test in Procedure E
Testing the cleansing property
Note
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