Exp-16-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

General formula for carboxylic acids

RCOOH

Example of a carboxylic acid

Formic acid, Butyric acid, Benzoic acid

Not an example of a carboxylic acid

Nitric acid

General method for preparing carboxylic acids

Oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes

Oxidizing agent for oxidation to carboxylic acids

KMnO4

Reaction of carboxylic acids with strong bases like NaOH or KOH

Production of water-soluble salts

The compound liberated as a by-product when carboxylic acids react with weak base like NaHCO3

CO2

Catalyst for esterification reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols

H2SO4

Product of esterification reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols

Ester

Side product of saponification

Glycerol

Product of saponification

Salt of fatty acid and glycerol

Carboxylic acids derived from hydrolysis of triglycerides and waxes

Fatty acids

Not an example of a fatty acid

Acetic acid

Reaction test for acid derivatives

Hydrolysis

Products of acetic anhydride hydrolysis

Acetic acid and water

Side product of acetamide hydrolysis

Ammonia

Purpose of reaction with water and indicators

To determine pH

Noted after warming acetic acid and water

Change in solubility

Indicators used in Procedure A

Blue litmus paper and methyl orange indicator

Purpose of adding NaOH to acetic acid

To neutralize the acid

Noted when sodium carbonate is added to acetic acid

Evolution of gas

Purpose of H2SO4 in esterification

Catalyst

Alcohol used in esterification

n-propyl alcohol

Purpose of adding neutral ferric chloride solution

To test for carboxylic acid

Special test for tartaric and citric acid

Formation of a permanent purple color with KMnO4

Purpose of repeating test with tartaric acid

To compare results

Purpose of adding NaOH to tartaric acid

To neutralize the acid

Color obtained after adding KMnO4 to tartaric acid

Permanent purple

Test to detect esters in Procedure C

Final test

Color indicating a positive result for esters

Magenta or burgundy

Observation when distilled water is added to acetic anhydride

Evolution of heat

Purpose of adding NaOH to acetamide

To hydrolyze the compound

First step in Procedure E

Mixing with ethyl alcohol

Final step in Procedure E

Testing the cleansing property

Making tartaric acid alkaline in Procedure B

5% NaOH

Observation in preliminary test for esters

Color produced with FeCl3

Purpose of adding 6N NaOH in final test for esters

To make the solution alkaline

Observation when acetamide is heated with NaOH

Evolution of Gas

Addition after heating over a water bath in Procedure E

Cold saturated NaCl solution

Purpose of heating soap mixture again in Procedure E

To remove excess water/ To form a solid product

Final test in Procedure E

Testing the cleansing property